Naringenin

All standards (purity ≥ 98.0%) were obtained from Chengdu Push Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China), including naringin (PS012062), neohesperidin (PS010413), poncirin (PS010580), naringenin (PS010691), hesperetin (PS000219), isosinensetin (PS011270), 3′-demethylnobiletin (PS011281), 6-demethoxytangeretin (PS011274), limonin (PS010690), nobiletin (PS012026), 4′,5,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (PS211213-08), 3-methoxynobiletin (PS010634), tangeretin (PS010637), obacunone (PS010281), 5-demethylnobiletin (PS011601), and meranzin (PS020754). A mixed solution of n-alkane standards was obtained from o2si Smart Solutions^® (North Charleston, SC, USA). Antioxidant assay kits for 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH; BL897B), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS; BL859B), and ferric-ion-reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP; BL858B) were purchased from Labgic Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

Naringenin (PS010691, >99.0%), tangeretin (PS010637, >98.0%), luteolin (PS010346, >99.0%), hesperetin (PS000219, >98.0%), and auraptene (PS010582, >98.0%) were purchased from Chengdu Push Bio-technology Co., Ltd. (Sichuan, China). PI3Kα (p110α/p85α) was purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, California, USA). PI3Kβ (p110β/p85α) was purchased from Eurofins (Brussels, Belgium). PI3Kγ (p120γ) and PI3Kδ (p110δ/p85α) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). ADP-Glo Kinase Assay Kit was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). PIP2 was purchased from Life Technologies (Carlsbad, California, USA). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). PI103 (Lot number: 3 A/122414), a multi-targeted PI3K inhibitor, was purchased from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK).

Plants were from Huoshan County, Anhui Province, China, identified as Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. They were grown at 25 ± 2 °C during the day and 23 ± 2 °C at night with 60–70% relative humidity and a light/dark cycle of 14/10 h in the greenhouse of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China. A specimen of D. officinale used in this study has been deposited in the Herbarium of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine with the depository no. is ACM025738.
Standards of (+)-glucose, dendrobine, rutin and naringenin (> 98% purity) were purchased from Chengdu Push Bio-technology CO., Ltd. Methanol (HPLC grade) was purchased from Oceanpak, and CTAB-pBIOZOL reagent used for total RNA extraction was purchased from Bioflux (Beijing, China). HPLC-grade water was prepared using a water purification system from Pall Filter Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Plant growth regulators (PGRs) including 6-BA, α-NAA and 2, 4-D were purchased from Solarbio. Agents for induction and propagation of PLBs were purchased from Sinopharm group, and all of the other agents were analytical grade.