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4 protocols using sodium salt of alginic acid

1

Alginate-Gelatin Barium Chloride Resorption

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In the study, the sodium salt of alginic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland) and gelatin (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland) were used as a cross-linking agent—barium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland) at 1.5 mol. Resorption tests were carried out in the artificial urine composed of uric acid (416 mM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland); sodium chloride (154 mM) (Sigma-Aldrich, Poznan, Poland); ammonium chloride (48 mM) (Chempur, Poland); sodium sulfate (34.20 mM) (Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A.); and sodium dihydrogen phosphate (3.40 mM) (Avantor Performance Materials Poland S.A.) The composition of the artificial urine was selected based on the analysis of the properties of various mixtures performed by Chutipongtanate and Thongboonkerd [105 (link)].
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2

Alginate Hydrogel Crosslinking with Strontium

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The main component of hydrogel was sodium saltofalginic acid which was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (180947, St. Louis, MO, USA). The powder of sodium alginate was dissolved in distilled water (w/v) then the solution was kept at 75 °C for at least 12 h stirring at 1200 r.p.m to make all powders dissolved completely. The concentration of 2%, 4% and 6% of sodium alginate solution was obtained respectively. For the solidification of alginate hydrogel (curing), crosslinking was needed to be carried out by using bivalent ions of alkaline earth metals (e.g., magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium). Strontium ion was selected as the curing agent in this study for the capability to reaching higher stiffness, thus strontium chloride (93-3806, Strem Chemical) solution was prepared from SrCl2 powder dissolved in distilled water to make the final concentration of 0.1 M. This solution was then filtered sterile by a membrane with a pore size of 0.22 μm. Both solution was stored at 4 °C for further use in curing process. Alginate hydrogel was crosslinked by 0.1 M SrCl2 for at least 4 h, which was described in Section 2.1. Figure 7 shows the egg-box structure of alginate after curing [102 (link)].
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3

Synthesis of Toxic NiCu Nanoparticles

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The sodium salt of alginic acid (Mw = 120–190 kDa, mannuronic to guluronic ratio = 1.56, serial number: 180,947)) and methylcellulose (MC; Mw: 17 kDa, average viscosity = 25 cP, degree of substitution 1.5–1.9, serial number: M6385) for the dressing preparation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Germany. Cellulose nanofibrils suspension (NFC, 3% (w/v), 1.0 g/cm3 aqueous gel, nominal fiber width of 50 nm and length of several hundred microns) was purchased from The Process Development Center, University of Maine (Orono, Maine, USA). All materials were used as purchased with no further modifications. In addition, ultra-pure water (18.2 mΩ cm at 25 °C) from the ELGA Purelab water purification system (Veolia Water Technologies, UK) was used to prepare all solutions. Ni67.5 Cu32.5 nanoparticles (NPs) in a silica (Si) matrix were synthesized using the sol-gel method described previously [18 ]. The method included a step of thinning the silica layer on the surface of the NPs, which renders them potentially more toxic (a requirement in this study in relation to their targeted antimelanoma activity) compared to the same NPs with thicker silica coatings. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed on the as-prepared NiCu NPs in silica, which are shown as part of the supplementary document (see the Supplementary documentFigure S1 for further details regarding these results).
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4

Alginic Acid Hydrogel for Cell Culture

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The sodium salt of alginic acid (Alg, viscosity = 20 – 40 cPs) was supplied by Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Acros Organics supplied calcium chloride and glycerol. αMEM and DMEM were supplied by GIBCO. Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Thermo Scientific. Penicillin/streptomycin (P/S), trypsin EDTA and Amphotericin B were obtained from Corning Cellgro. Live/Dead kits for mammalian cells were supplied by Life Technologies. Glycolide and D,L-lactide were purchased from Polysciences (Warrington, PA). Lysine triisocyanate-poly(ethylene glycol) (LTI-PEG) prepolymer was supplied by Medtronic, Inc, and hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer (HDIt) was supplied by Bayer Material Science. Iron acetylacetonate (FeAA) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. ε-caprolactone was dried over anhydrous MgSO4, and all other materials were used as received.
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