V70 spectrometer

The morphological studies were performed by using a TEM (JEOL-JEM-1230) and SEM; (Quanta-200; USA). FTIR study was carried out using the Bruker V70 spectrometer. The crystal structure of nanomaterials was determined by using an X-ray diffractometer (Bruker-D8-Advance). The photocatalytic MB degradation was studied by using UV-vis spectrophotometer (JESCO, USA). Fluorolog-3 spectrometer (HORIBA) was used for the photoluminescence (PL) study. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller was carried out by using a gas-sorption-analyzer (ASAP-2020, USA). Chemical composition was confirmed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Kratos Axis-Ultra multifunctional X-ray spectrometer). Transient photocurrent responses were determined by CHI-602 electrochemical-workstation.

The composition and crystallinity of the samples were evaluated using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Bruker D8 Advance Eco), and the morphology of the synthesized samples was measured via transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEOL-JEM-1230) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Jeol, 5910LV). The elemental proportions of the synthesized samples were identified via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was determined by N₂ adsorption in an automated gas sorption analyzer (Micromeritics ASAP 2020 instrument). Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured using a Fluoromax-4 spectrofluorometer (Horiba Scientific, Japan). The optical properties and photocatalytic dye degradation were examined and recorded using a UV-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis, JESCO). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured using a Bruker V70 spectrometer with a resolution of 1 cm⁻¹. The optical bandgap of the synthesized samples was studied with a UV-vis-NIR diffuse reflectance spectrometer (UV-3600, Shimadzu). The electron spin resonance (ESR) signals of the spin-trapped paramagnetic species with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) were recorded with a Magnet Tech MS400 spectrometer.