Eos d50

Sheep (Merinos d’Arles) groups evolutions were collected at the experimental farm of Domaine du Merle (5.74°E and 48.50°N, South France) during 2008-2009 winter. Groups of 18-months aged females were formed, picking individuals at random from a large sheep herd (around 1600) which was raised on the domain. The groups were introduced within one of four 80m x 80m enclosures delimited by fences and opaque 1.2m high polypropylene blind (for visual isolation). The pastures were flat and homogeneously covered by native Crau grass. A 7-m-high tower was anchored at the middle point between enclosures, from the top of which snapshots of groups were recorded every second for an hour, using Digital cameras (15.1-megapixel Canon EOS D50). Only the second half-hour recording was used in data analysis, to discard perturbation effects due to the introduction of groups in enclosures. Groups of N = 2, 3, 4 and 8 individuals were used, with 8 replications each. 2 groups of 8 individuals, recorded on the same day, were discarded from the analysis because the high wind condition was very perturbative to their behaviour (they kept about motionless for an hour near the blind that was the most protective from the wind).

All specimens in the collections at the Swedish Museum of Natural History were collected with Malaise Traps. Five specimens of A.lituratus were collected within the Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP). Two specimens were collected by A. Ohlsson in 2011. The single specimen of A.muricatus was collected in a allotment garden by T. Malm and M. Malm in 2012. Terminology used for morphological and wing structures follow Wharton et al. (1997) and Goulet and Hubert (1993) (in parenthesis). Institutional abbreviations: National Museum Ireland (Dublin, Irland) – NMI, Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute (Wufeng, Taiwan) – TARI, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Scienses (St. Petersburg, Russia) – ZIN, Swedish Museum of Natural History (Stockholm, Sweden) – NHRS, Swedish Malaise Trap Project – SMTP. For molecular methods regarding the mitochondrial marker CO1 see Stigenberg et al. (2015) (link). Sequences were assembled, edited and imaged using Geneious version 8.1 created by Biomatters. Voseq 1.7.3 (Peña and Malm 2012 (link)) database was used for storing voucher and DNA sequence data. Sequences are deposited at GenBank under the accession numbers: KU521563 to 65, with an additional sequence KJ591423 from an earlier publication (Stigenberg et al. 2015 (link)). Images were taken using Canon EOS D50 with a MP-E 65 mm lens. The images were stacked using Zerene Stacker software.