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4 protocols using 2 oxoadipic acid

1

Affinity-based Protein Purification Methods

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ThDP, NAD+, CoA, DTT, isopropyl 1-thio-β-D-galactopyranoside, imidazole, thiamin-HCl, glycerol, DNase I, and Micrococcal nuclease were from Affymetrix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); 2-oxoglutaric acid, 2-oxoadipic acid, iodoacetamide, benzamidine HCl, disuccinimidyl dibutyric urea (DSBU or BuUrBu), 1.1′-carbonyl-diimidazole (CDI), and dimethyl sulfoxide were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Formic acid solution was obtained from Fluka Analytical (Buchs, Switzerland); MS grade trypsin protease was from Pierce; Ni Sepharose® high-performance affinity media was from GE Healthcare (Chicago, IL, USA).
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2

Metabolite Profiling of Biological Samples

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All chemicals and solvents utilized were of the highest purity available. Water and acetonitrile were Optima LC/MS grade (Fisher Scientific Inc). Debrisoquine sulfate, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, and chlorpropamide were utilized as internal standards (Sigma-Aldrich®,St. Louis, MO). Riboflavin, kynurenic acid, pantothenic acid, uric acid, 2-oxoadipic acid, D-ribose, D-glucose, hippuric acid, glutaric acid, xanthurenic acid, and taurine were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich® (St. Louis, MO). 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc (Dallas, TX).
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3

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Analysis

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Age-matched control and patient fibroblasts from the Newcastle Biobank were grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Sigma, Poole, UK) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. SH-SY5Y cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was performed as described previously14 (link). For drug toxicity studies growth medium was supplemented with 5 and 50 µM 2-oxoadipic acid (Sigma 75447) and quinolinic acid (Sigma) respectively for 4 days before analysis. Experiments were done in triplicates.
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4

Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain Analysis

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Age-matched control and patient fibroblasts from the Newcastle Biobank were grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Sigma, Poole, UK) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. SH-SY5Y cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes was performed as described previously14 (link). For drug toxicity studies growth medium was supplemented with 5 and 50 µM 2-oxoadipic acid (Sigma 75447) and quinolinic acid (Sigma) respectively for 4 days before analysis. Experiments were done in triplicates.
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