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Aspergillus niger

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Aspergillus niger is a fungal strain maintained by the American Type Culture Collection. It is a filamentous fungus commonly used in research and industrial applications. The strain provides a source of the fungus for various experimental and commercial purposes.

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Lab products found in correlation

Escherichia coli, by American Type Culture Collection (17 mentions) Staphylococcus aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (13 mentions) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by American Type Culture Collection (13 mentions) Candida albicans, by American Type Culture Collection (11 mentions) Aspergillus fumigatus, by American Type Culture Collection (9 mentions) Bacillus subtilis, by American Type Culture Collection (7 mentions) Staphylococcus epidermidis, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Bacillus cereus, by American Type Culture Collection (6 mentions) Aspergillus ochraceus, by American Type Culture Collection (5 mentions) Aspergillus versicolor, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) Penicillium funiculosum, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) Aspergillus flavus, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) Penicillium chrysogenum, by American Type Culture Collection (4 mentions) Listeria monocytogenes, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Penicillium ochrochloron, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Klebsiella pneumoniae, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Mucor racemosus, by American Type Culture Collection (3 mentions) Enterococcus faecalis, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) Salmonella typhimurium, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions) S aureus, by American Type Culture Collection (2 mentions)

34 protocols using aspergillus niger

1

Microbial Growth Protocols for Antibacterial and Antifungal Testing

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The bacterial and fungal strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and from the microbiology laboratory of the University of Québec in Trois-Rivières (UQTR). The microorganisms used were Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Salmonella enterica (ATCC 10708), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 10535), Candida albicans (from UQTR microbiology laboratory), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (from UQTR microbiology laboratory). The bacterial strains were grown on sterilized Mueller Hinton agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, while the fungal strains were grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar and incubated at 37 °C for 72 h before use.
St-Pierre A., Blondeau D., Lajeunesse A., Bley J., Bourdeau N, & Desgagné-Penix I. (2018). Phytochemical Screening of Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Extracts by UPLC-QTOF-MS and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry, 23(7), 1739.
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2

Antimicrobial Activity Screening

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The samples were tested against the Gram-negative bacterial strains: Escherichia coli CD/99/1, E. coli K88, E. coli K99, E. coli 306, E. coli LT37, E .coli 872, E. coli ROW 7/12, E. coli 3:37C, Salmonella typhi Ty2, Shigella boydii D13629, S. dysentery 1, S. dysentery 8, S. flexneri Type 6, S. soneii 1, Vibrio cholerae 85, V. cholerae 293, V. cholerae 1313 and V. cholerae 1315. The Gram-positive bacterial strains used were: Bacillus pumilus 82, B. subtilis ATCC 6633 and Staphylococcus aureus ML 267. All the bacterial strains were procured from the Department of Technology, Jadavpur University; Central Drugs Laboratory, Kolkata and Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. The stains were first checked for purity on the basis of standard microbiological, cultural and biochemical tests and then used for their sensitivity towards the test samples.
Antifungal activity was performed on the fungal pathogens: Aspergillus niger ATCC 6275, Candida albicansATCC 10231, Penicillium funiculosum NCTC 287 and P. notatum ATCC 11625. All the fungal strains were procured from the Central Drugs Laboratory, Kolkata, India.
Gebrehiwot M., Asres K., Bisrat D., Mazumder A., Lindemann P, & Bucar F. (2015). Evaluation of the wound healing property of Commiphora guidottii Chiov. ex. Guid.. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15, 282.
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3

Antimicrobial Activity Assessment

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The Microdilution method was used to evaluate antibacterial and anti-fungal properties of the extracts following methods described in our earlier study [16 (link)]. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) 6538), Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC 7973), and Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate) were used as Gram-positive bacteria. Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Enterobacter cloacae (human isolate), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 35210) were used as Gram-negative bacteria.
Fungi, namely, Aspergillus fumigatus (human isolate), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 36839), Penicillium ochrochloron (ATCC 9112) and Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium (food isolate), were used to investigate the anti-fungal properties of the extracts.
Anti-microbial results were evaluated by minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal (MBC/MFC) concentrations. Ampicillin and Streptomycin were used as standards for antibacterial activity. Bifonazole and ketoconazole were used as positive controls for anti-fungal evaluation.
Chiavaroli A., Sinan K.I., Zengin G., Mahomoodally M.F., Bibi Sadeer N., Etienne O.K., Cziáky Z., Jekő J., Glamočlija J., Soković M., Recinella L., Brunetti L., Leone S., Abdallah H.H., Angelini P., Angeles Flores G., Venanzoni R., Menghini L., Orlando G, & Ferrante C. (2020). Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents. Antioxidants, 9(6), 533.
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4

Microbial Strain Acquisition and Characterization

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In the current research, all solvents used were of analytical grade and were supplied by Thermo Scientific (Illkirch, France). All reagents and standards were bought from Merck (Saint-Quentin-Fallavier, Lyon, France). Strains including Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 14490), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9721), Escherichia coli (ATCC 15224), Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 9643), Aspergillus fumigatus (FCBP 66), Fusarium solani (FCBP 434), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 1015) and Mucor species (FCBP 300) were acquired from Department of Biotechnology, QAU, Pakistan.
Jan H., Usman H., Shah M., Zaman G., Mushtaq S., Drouet S., Hano C, & Abbasi B.H. (2021). Phytochemical analysis and versatile in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition potential of different extracts of traditionally used Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. Ex Royle. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 21, 165.
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5

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of LRCD (9–22)

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The laboratory synthesized LRCD (9–22) and determined it using MALDI-TOF-MS (New ultrafle Xtreme, Bruker Daltonics Inc., Billerica, Germany). Litsea cubeba essential oil was purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. CAS No. 68855-99-2, MDL No. MFCD 00678555. The test strains were obtained from Shanghai Conservation Biotechnology Center. The concentration of Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Kluyveromyces marxianus (ATCC 36534) was 106–107 CFU/mL. The spore suspension of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) and Rhizopus oryzae (ATCC 6227b) with the fungal concentration of 104–105/mL was obtained by counting the blood cells, while the other chemicals and reagents were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Beijing, China.
Cao C., Xie P., Zhou Y, & Guo J. (2023). Characterization, Thermal Stability and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Inclusion Complex of Litsea cubeba Essential Oil in Large-Ring Cyclodextrins (CD9–CD22). Foods, 12(10), 2035.
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6

Fungal Strain Acquisition and Maintenance

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The following strains were used throughout the study (all purchased from the American Type Culture Collection, ATCC): Streptomyces rimosus ATCC 10970, Streptomyces noursei ATCC 11455, Penicillium rubens ATCC 9178, Aspergillus niger ATCC 204447, Chaetomium globosum ATCC 6205, and Mucor racemosus ATCC 7924. The strains were maintained on agar slants according to the recommendations of ATCC.
Boruta T, & Ścigaczewska A. (2021). Enhanced Oxytetracycline Production by Streptomyces rimosus in Submerged Co-Cultures with Streptomyces noursei. Molecules, 26(19), 6036.
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7

Antimicrobial Evaluation of Cosmetic Contaminants

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Standard microorganisms were purchased from VACSERA (Giza, Egypt), and these were P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27856), E. coli (ATCC 25922), S. aureus (ATCC 25923), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 22343). In addition, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans isolates that were previously recovered from contaminated cosmetic preparations were also included in the study.
Hosny A.E., Kashef M.T., Taher H.A, & El-Bazza Z.E. (2017). The use of unirradiated and γ-irradiated zinc oxide nanoparticles as a preservative in cosmetic preparations. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 12, 6799-6811.
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8

Estimating Cross-Reactivity of Anti-trCWP IgY

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To estimate the cross-reactivity (CR) of anti-trCWP IgY against other fungi, indirect ELISAs were performed by the use of antigens from different fungi according to the method described previously. Trichophyton mentagrophytes was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar at 28 °C for 6 days. Aspergillus flavus (ATCC 11492), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Penicillium citrinum (AS 3.2788), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404), Rhizopus nigricans (GIM 3.125), Mucor racemosus (GIM 3.86) and Penicillium cyclopium (GIM 3.247) (obtained from the Food Analysis Laboratory Guangdong University of Technology) were cultured in Rose Bengal medium at 28 °C for 6 days [20 (link)]. They were suspended and diluted to 1.2 × 108 CFU/mL with pH7.4, 0.01 M PBS to be used as antigens for Elisa test with anti-trCWP IgY. IgY from non-immunized hens was used as a negative control. The cross-reactivity rate was calculated as follows:
In the formula, DRf was the titer of IgY against other fungi and DRt was the titer of IgY against T. rubrum.
Xiao Y., Hu Q., Jiao L., Cui X., Wu P., He P., Xia N., Lv R., Liang Y, & Zhao S. (2019). Production of anti-Trichophyton rubrum egg yolk immunoglobulin and its therapeutic potential for treating dermatophytosis. Microbial Pathogenesis, 137, 103741.
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9

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of Thiazolidinones

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The antibacterial activity of thiazolidinone derivatives was tested against human pathogenic bacteria, including the Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli (ATCC 35210), Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 13311), and the Gram-positive bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC 7973), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240), and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538). In addition, eight fungi species were used for the evaluation of compounds’ antifungal activity, including Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus fumigatus (ATCC 1022), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 36839), Penicillium ochrochloron (ATCC 9112), Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium (food isolate), Trichoderma viride (IAM 5061), and Candida albicans (human isolate). The aforementioned bioassays as well as the resulted minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum fungicidal concentrations have been reported in our previous paper [18 (link)].
Kousaxidis A., Kovacikova L., Nicolaou I., Stefek M, & Geronikaki A. (2021). Non-acidic bifunctional benzothiazole-based thiazolidinones with antimicrobial and aldose reductase inhibitory activity as a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 30(10), 1837-1848.
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10

Antibacterial and Antifungal Evaluation

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The antibacterial activity was evaluated using several bacterial strains according to their importance in terms of food. Gram-negative (Escherichia coli (ATCC—American type culture collection 25922), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 13311) and Enterobacter cloacae (ATCC 35030)) and Gram-positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11632), Bacillus cereus (clinical isolate), Listeria monocytogenes (NCTC—National collection of type cultures 7973). The minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations were used to estimate antimicrobial potential; the microdilution method was applied. The ampicillin was used as a positive control, and the results were expressed in mg/mL [13 (link)].
For the antifungal activity, the fungi tested followed the same selection criteria. Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 12066), Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Aspergillus versicolor (ATCC 11730), Penicillium funiculosum (ATCC 36839), Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium (food isolate) and Penicillium ochrochloron (ATCC 9112) strains were used. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using a modified microdilution method. Ketoconazole was used as a positive control, and the results were also expressed in mg/mL [13 (link)].
Menezes B., Caleja C., Calhelha R.C., Pinela J., Dias M.I., Stojković D., Soković M., Gonçalves O.H., Leimann F.V., Pereira E, & Barros L. (2023). Use of Bio-Waste of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (Yerba mate) to Obtain an Extract Rich in Phenolic Compounds with Preservative Potential. Foods, 12(17), 3241.
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