Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, HPLC grade methanol, tannic acid ACS reagent, Quillaja saponin, 3,5-dinitrosalicilic acid (98 %), aluminum trichloride, sulfuric acid (18 M), glucose (99.5 %), stigmasterol (95 %), hydroquinone (99 %), ursolic acid (98.5 %), digitoxin (92 %) and bromocresol green (95 %) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Quercetin dihydrate (98 %) and dragendorff’s reagent were obtained from Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Ferric Chloride (FeCl3•6H2O) (97.0-102.0 %) was obtained from Spectrum Chemical and Lab Products (Gardena, California, USA) and potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6•3H2O), HCl (12 M), sodium hydrogen phosphate, ethyl acetate (EtOac), acetic anhydride and dichloromethane were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (New Jersey, USA). Nicotine (99 %) was obtained from VWR (New Jersey, USA). All chemicals were used without further purification.
Aluminum trichloride
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany
Aluminum trichloride is a chemical compound with the formula AlCl3. It is a white, crystalline solid that is soluble in organic solvents. Aluminum trichloride is used as a Lewis acid catalyst in various organic chemical reactions.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Quercetin, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Gallic acid, by Merck Group (12 mentions)
Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (11 mentions)
Folin ciocalteu reagent, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (9 mentions)
Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (7 mentions)
Potassium persulfate, by Merck Group (5 mentions)
Methanol, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sodium nitrite, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Sulfuric acid, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Trolox, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Potassium acetate, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Chlorogenic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Rutin, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Caffeic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Ferulic acid, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
23 protocols using aluminum trichloride
1
Phytochemical Analytical Techniques
2
Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Assays
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All chemicals used were of analytical grades. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (99%), methanol, DPPH (99%), acetone, ethanol, ascorbic acid (99%), sodium hydroxide (99%), aluminum trichloride, potassium acetate and quercetin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Burlington, MA). MitoSOX™ Mitochondrial Superoxide Indicators (Invitrogen™, M36008), and Propidium iodide in 1mg/ml aqueous solution (Thermo Scientific™, J66584.AB) were used.
3
Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Assays
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The materials used in the present study were ethanol (HPLC grade), ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, U.S.A.), gallic acid (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, U.S.A.), quercetin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), sodium bicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), Folin–Ciocalteau reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), sodium carbonate (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, U.S.A.), aluminum trichloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), sodium hydroxide (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, U.S.A.), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), 2, 2-Azino-bis (acid 3 -ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic) (ABTS, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), potassium persulfate (analytical reagent grade), α-amylase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), α-glucosidase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), pepsin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), pancreatin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), bile salts (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), dinitrosalicylic acid (Panreac, Barcelona, Spain), dextrose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), and 4-Nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). Acarbose (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.), hydrochloric acid (J.T. Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, U.S.A.), and sodium phosphate buffer (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) were also used.
4
Synthesis of Phosphazene-Containing Polymers
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PEO (average Mv = 600,000; Sigma-Aldrich) was dried at 50 °C for 24 h under
vacuum before use. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP, 99%), aluminum
trichloride (AlCl3, 99.9%), 2-methoxyethylamine (99%),
3-methoxypropylamine (99%), n-butyllithium (2.5 M
in hexanes), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF; 99.9%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine
(98%), Li foil (99.9%), trimethylamine (TEA, 99%), anhydrous acetonitrile
(ACN; 99.8%), and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 99.8%) were
purchased from Fisher Scientific and used as received. LiFePO4 (LFP, 99.5%; Gelon) and Super C45 Carbon Black were dried
at 60 °C before use. All synthesis procedures were carried out
on a Schlenk line under N2, and all other air- and/or moisture-sensitive
procedures were carried out in an Ar-filled glovebox (H2O and O2 less than 1 ppm).
vacuum before use. Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP, 99%), aluminum
trichloride (AlCl3, 99.9%), 2-methoxyethylamine (99%),
3-methoxypropylamine (99%), n-butyllithium (2.5 M
in hexanes), and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF; 99.9%) were purchased
from Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethylamine
(98%), Li foil (99.9%), trimethylamine (TEA, 99%), anhydrous acetonitrile
(ACN; 99.8%), and anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 99.8%) were
purchased from Fisher Scientific and used as received. LiFePO4 (LFP, 99.5%; Gelon) and Super C45 Carbon Black were dried
at 60 °C before use. All synthesis procedures were carried out
on a Schlenk line under N2, and all other air- and/or moisture-sensitive
procedures were carried out in an Ar-filled glovebox (H2O and O2 less than 1 ppm).
5
Inert Synthesis of Organometallic Compounds
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All manipulations were carried out under an argon inert gas atmosphere (argon 5.0), using either Schlenk line techniques or a glovebox. Aluminum trichloride and aluminum tribromide were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and used as received. The other starting materials, Me2C[1]magnesocenophane[12] , lithium diphenylphosphide (obtained as a yellow highly air‐sensitive solid from the reaction of n‐butyllithium and diphenylphosphane)[13] , NHCs[14] and thione[14] were synthesized following literature established procedures. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III 400 spectrometer. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra were referenced using the solvent signals[15] (δ1H(C6HD5)=7.16; δ13C(C6D6)=128.06). 27Al and 31P NMR spectra were referenced using external standards (δ 27Al(AlCl3 in D2O)=0) (δ 31P(85 % H3PO4 in D2O)=0). Elemental analysis was performed on an Elementar vario MICROcube®. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis were carried out at low temperatures on Bruker AXS X8 Apex CCD and Bruker AXS D8 Venture diffractometers. Structure solution and refinement was performed using SHELX[16] .
6
Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis
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Acetonitrile, formic acid, tannic acid, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite, aluminum trichloride, sodium hydroxide, potassium ferricyanide, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, trichloroacetic acid, ferric chloride, ammonium molybdate, sodium phosphate, sulfuric acid, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, gallic acid and quercetin were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
7
Signaling Pathway Protein Analysis
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Trolox, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, gallic acid, sodium nitrite (NaNO2), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), aluminum trichloride (AlCl3), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and catechin were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phospho-c-fos (p-c-fos), c-fos, phospho-c-jun (p-c-jun), c-jun, TGF-β1, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (CA, USA). Antibodies against phospho-ERK (p-ERK), ERK, phospho-JNK (p-JNK), JNK, phospho-p38 (p-p38), and p38 were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Phospho-Smad 2/3 (p-Smad 2/3) and Smad 2/3 antibodies obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
8
Analytical Methods for Compound Identification
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Chromatographic-grade methanol (VWR, Vienna, Austria) was used for HPLC analysis. Water for HPLC was obtained using a Millipore purifier (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA). Hexane, chloroform, butanol, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetonitrile, ibuprofen, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium carbonate, dibenzylidene acetone, cinnamic acid, sodium salicylate, ferrous sulfate, ferrous dichloride, sodium nitrite, sulfanilamide, phosphoric acid, naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride, ferrozine, sodium nitroprusside, chlorogenic acid, phloroglucinol, hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, quercetin, trypsin, Tris-HCl buffer, Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent, aluminum trichloride, EDTA, sodium hydroxide, formic acid (FA), and perchloric acid were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Buchs, SG, Switzerland. Human albumin 20%—BB, 200 g/L was purchased from BB-NCIPD Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria.
9
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Assays
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The Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, sodium phosphate mono- and di-basics, sodium tetraborate, potassium persulfate, aluminum trichloride, trolox, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-O-azinobis(3-ethylbenzoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS), gallic acid, and trichloro acetic acid (TCA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Berlin, Germany). The sodium carbonate, potassium hexacyanoferrate, ascorbic acid, and ferric chloride were from Prolabo (Paris, France). The colorimetric COX (ovine) inhibitor screening assay kit, 15-lipoxygenase (soybean P1), linoleic, and arachidonic acids were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, (New York, NY, USA).
10
Phenolic Antioxidant Characterization
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Ethanol, absolute mEthanol, sodium carbonate, aluminum trichloride, sodium hydroxide, sodium nitrate, potassium persulfate, hydrochloric acid, sodium acetate, glacial acetic acid, ferric chloride hexahydrate, gallic acid, catechin, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,4,6-tris (2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, and phenolic HPLC-grade standards (p-coumaric acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, hesperidin, quercetin rutinoside, and rutin) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
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