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Sodium borohydrate

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Sodium borohydride is a reducing agent commonly used in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry laboratories. It is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula NaBH4. Sodium borohydride is a versatile reagent that can be used to reduce various functional groups, such as aldehydes, ketones, and esters, to alcohols.

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Lab products found in correlation

Silver nitrate, by Merck Group (7 mentions) L ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (6 mentions) Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (3 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (2 mentions) Sodium deoxycholate, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Tannic acid, by Merck Group (2 mentions) 880 airyscan microscope, by Zeiss (2 mentions) Paraformaldehyde (pfa), by Electron Microscopy Sciences (2 mentions) Filipin, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Methanol, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Milli q water, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate 3 trihydrate, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Gold 3 chloride trihydrate, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Polyacrylic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions) 3 4 5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl 2 5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide mtt, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Avantor (1 mentions) Calcium chloride, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Fecl3, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (mtt), by Avantor (1 mentions)

16 protocols using sodium borohydrate

1

Synthesis and Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles

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Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate (HAuCl4•3H20, 99.9%), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%), L-ascorbic acid (AA; C6H8O6, ≥98%), sodium borohydrate (NaBH4, 98%) and sodium deoxycholate (C24H39NaO4, ≥97%) were used as purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Carboxy-PEG-thiol (MW. 5K) was purchased from Laysan Bio (Arab, Al, USA). 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Pierce (Thermo Scientific Inc., Rockford, IL, USA). c(RGDfE) (cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Glu)) peptide was purchased from Peptides International Inc. (Louisville, KY,USA). Cyto780 near infrared fluorescent dye was purchased from Cytodiagnostics (Ontario, Canada). For MTT assay, 3-[4 (link),5 (link)–dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, USA). All chemicals were used without further purification. Milli-Q water (Millipore Corp. Billerica, MA, USA) was used throughout the experiments.
Kim D.H, & Larson A.C. (2015). Deoxycholate Bile Acid Directed Synthesis of Branched Au Nanostructures for Near Infrared Photothermal Ablation. Biomaterials, 56, 154-164.
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2

Measuring Complex III Activity in Mitochondria

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Complex III activity was measured by the reduction of cytochrome c3+ at 550 nm using D-ubiquinol-2 as an electron acceptor as previously described [22 (link)]. Preparation of reduced ubiquinol: 100µl of ubiquinone (20mM in ethanol) was reduced with pinch of sodium borohydrate (Sigma). After mixing, 100µl of ethylene glycol was added to stop the reduction of ubiquinone. 2µl of 12M HCl was added and spun to separate the sodium borohydrate from the reduced ubiquinol-2. To perform the assay, 1ml of respiration buffer (250mM sucrose, 10mM KH2PO4, 1mM EGTA, 10mM Tris, pH 7.4) was placed into a polystyrene cuvette with 10µM rotenone, and 2mM KCN. After setting up the blank, 100µM D ubiquinol-2 was added followed by 10µg of mitochondrial protein and the rate of change in absorbance was measured for one minute. As a negative control 2µM antimycin A was added to inhibit the activity of complex III and the rate was subtracted from the rate of cytochrome c oxidation. The final rate (dA/min) was converted to mM/min/mg by dividing dA/min by 21 mM−1 cm (extinction coefficient for cytochrome c) and then divided by the amount of mitochondrial protein. The final rate was normalized to wild-type control values.
Pulliam D.A., Deepa S.S., Liu Y., Hill S., Lin A.L., Bhattacharya A., Shi Y., Sloane L., Viscomi C., Zeviani M, & Van Remmen H. (2014). Complex IV Deficient Surf1−/− Mice Initiate Mitochondrial Stress Responses. The Biochemical journal, 462(2), 359-371.
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3

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (99%, CTAB), sodium borohydrate (>98%), L-ascorbic acid (99%, AA), silver nitrate (99%), tannic acid were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Gold (III) chloride trihydrate was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
Steckiewicz K.P., Barcinska E., Malankowska A., Zauszkiewicz–Pawlak A., Nowaczyk G., Zaleska-Medynska A, & Inkielewicz-Stepniak I. (2019). Impact of gold nanoparticles shape on their cytotoxicity against human osteoblast and osteosarcoma in in vitro model. Evaluation of the safety of use and anti-cancer potential. Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine, 30(2), 22.
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4

Imaging Cholesterol-containing Vesicles

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Cells washed with PBS were fixed with a mix of 3% paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences, Cat # 15710) and 0.1% glutaraldehyde (SIGMA, Cat # G7651) for 10 min at 21°C. Following a 5-minute incubation with sodium borohydrate (10 mM, SIGMA, Cat #, 213462), cells were stained with 3 mg/ml filipin (SIGMA, Cat # F9765) for 2 h at room temperature. Cells were imaged in PBS. During the filipin staining process cells were protected from unnecessary light exposure. Cells were imaged using a Zeiss880 AiryScan microscope (axial resolution of 120 nm) by exciting with a 405 nm LED. This imaging mode allowed us to resolve cholesterol-containing vesicles.
Vivas O., Tiscione S.A., Dixon R.E., Ory D.S, & Dickson E.J. (2019). Niemann-Pick Type C Disease Reveals a Link between Lysosomal Cholesterol and PtdIns(4,5)P2 That Regulates Neuronal Excitability. Cell reports, 27(9), 2636-2648.e4.
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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FeCl3, polyacrylic acid (PAA), sodium hydroxide, diethylene glycol (DEG), hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate (HAuCl4∙3H20, 99.9%), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%), L-ascorbic acid (AA; C6H8O6, ≥98%), sodium borohydrate (NaBH4, 98%) and CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, 99%), sodium alginate, calcium chloride, span 80 and n’-hexadecane were used as purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Amine-PEG-thiol (MW 5K) was purchased from Laysan Bio (Arab, Al, USA). 6-methoxyethylamino numonafide (MEAN), demonstrated efficacy against HCC was selected as a model drug19 (link)20 (link)21 (link). 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT, Sigma, USA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO, Amresco, USA) were used for MTT assays.
Kim D.H., Li W., Chen J., Zhang Z., Green R.M., Huang S, & Larson A.C. (2016). Multimodal Imaging of Nanocomposite Microspheres for Transcatheter Intra-Arterial Drug Delivery to Liver Tumors. Scientific Reports, 6, 29653.
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6

Characterization of Synthesized AuNPs

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Gold(iii) chloride hydrate (99.995%), cysteamine (∼95%), l-ascorbic acid (reagent grade), silver nitrate (99.9999%), sodium borohydrate (99%) and trisodium citrate dihydrate were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. (1-Hexadecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (98%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar.
To characterize the synthesized AuNPs, dynamic light scattering (Zetasizer Nano ZSP, Malvern Panalytical) was used to measure the zeta potential and hydrodynamic radius. UV-vis spectra were measured using a spectrophotometer (Biowave II, WPA) and a fluorometer plate reader (Infinite M200 PRO, Tecan). Images of the well plates were taken using a commercially available CCD camera (Lumix DC-TZ91, Panasonic).
Wenck C., Leopoldt D., Habib M., Hegermann J., Stiesch M., Doll-Nikutta K., Heisterkamp A, & Torres-Mapa M.L. (2024). Colorimetric detection of oral bacteria using functionalized gold nanoparticles as a plasmonic biosensor array. Nanoscale Advances, 6(5), 1447-1459.
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7

Glycan Extraction and Analysis Protocol

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Iodomethane (CH3I), DMSO, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), sodium hydroxide, trifluoroacetic acid, sodium borohydrate, and sodium acetate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; PNGase F, including denaturing buffer, digestion buffer, and NP-40, from New England Biolabs; Extra-Clean SPE Carbograph columns from Grace Davison Discovery Sciences; Sep-Pak Vac 3cc C18 cartridges from Waters; p-lacto-N-hexaose from V-Laboratories; and methanol, chloroform, and acetonitrile from Fisher Scientific.
Zhang W., James P.M., Ng B.G., Li X., Xia B., Rong J., Asif G., Raymond K., Jones M.A., Hegde M., Ju T., Cummings R.D., Clarkson K., Wood T., Boerkoel C.F., Freeze H.H, & He M. (2015). A Novel N-Tetrasaccharide in Patients with Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation Including Asparagine-Linked Glycosylation Protein 1, Phosphomannomutase 2, and Phosphomannose Isomerase Deficiencies. Clinical chemistry, 62(1), 208-217.
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8

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Dopamine hydrochloride, hydrogen tetrachloroaurate-(III) trihydrate (HAuCl4, 99.9%), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%), l-ascorbic acid (≥98%), sodium borohydrate (98%), and sodium deoxycholate (≥97%) were used as purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO).
Park J.H., Park W., Cho S., Kim K.Y., Tsauo J., Yoon S.H., Son W.C., Kim D.H, & Song H.Y. (2018). Nanofunctionalized Stent-Mediated Local Heat Treatment for the Suppression of Stent-Induced Tissue Hyperplasia. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 10(35), 29357-29366.
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9

Comprehensive Tissue Preparation Protocol

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IsoSol (Isoflurane, USP), surgical-grade chlorhexidine solution, and ChlorHex-Q pre-surgical hand scrub was procured from Vedco Inc. in Saint Joseph, Missouri. Lidocaine Hydrochloride Jelly USP, 2%, was purchased from Akorn Inc. in Lake Forrest, Illinois. Ethanol, Gibco 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), Alfa Aesar 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) was bought from Fisher Scientific in Hampton, New Hampshire. Mayer’s Hematoxylin, Alcoholic Eosin, Sucrose, Xylene, Bouin’s Fluid, Working Weigert’s Iron Hematoxylin Stain, Trichrome stain, Acetic acid, Sodium Borohydrate were all acquired from Sigma Aldrich.
Alonzo M., Delgado M., Cleetus C., Anil Kumar S., Thakur V., Chattopadhyay M, & Joddar B. (2020). Methods for Histological Characterization of Cryo-Induced Myocardial Infarction in a Rat Model. Acta histochemica, 122(7), 151624.
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10

Quantifying Cytochrome C Oxidation

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Complex IV activity was measured by monitoring the oxidation of cytochrome c2+ at 550nm using a spectrophotometer as previously described [22 (link)]. Preparation of reduced cytochrome c2+: 500µl of 8mM cytochrome c3+ (Sigma) was reduced with sodium borohydrate (Sigma). To perform the assay, 1ml of the respiration buffer (250mM sucrose, 10mM KH2PO4, 1mM EGTA, 10mM Tris, pH 7.4) was placed into a polystyrene cuvette with 40µM cytochrome c2+. After setting up the blank, 5µg of mitochondrial protein was added, and rate of cytochrome c2+oxidation was measured at 550nm. As a negative control, complex IV activity was inhibited by the addition of 2mM KCN and the rate of change was then subtracted from the rate of cytochrome c2+ oxidation (dA/min). The rate of was converted to mM/min/mg by dividing dA/min by 21mM−1 cm (extinction coefficient for cytochrome c) and then divided by the amount of mitochondrial protein. The final rate was normalized to wild-type control values.
Pulliam D.A., Deepa S.S., Liu Y., Hill S., Lin A.L., Bhattacharya A., Shi Y., Sloane L., Viscomi C., Zeviani M, & Van Remmen H. (2014). Complex IV Deficient Surf1−/− Mice Initiate Mitochondrial Stress Responses. The Biochemical journal, 462(2), 359-371.
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