Malvern zetasizer nano zs apparatus

The core size of P-SPIONs was determined using transmission electron microscopy at 100 kV (TEM, JEM-2010, Hitachi-JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were measured using dynamic light scattering method with Malvern Zetasizer nano ZS apparatus (Malvern Instruments, Malvern, UK). Using X’Pert PRO X-ray diffraction (XRD), phase and crystalline properties were investigated. Crystal structure was determined from the position and intensities of diffraction peaks observed in the diffraction angle range 2θ = 10–80° using Cu Kα radiation of 1.54 Å at 40 kV and 20 mA current. The conjugation of SPIONs to pullulan was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on a Thermo Nicolet 5700 FTIR spectrometer (USA). Spectra were recorded as KBr pellets over the range 4000–400 cm⁻¹ at spectral resolution of 4 cm⁻¹.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to evaluate the thermal decomposition properties of the prepared materials. TGA was also used to evaluate the amount of pullulan bound to the SPIONs. TGA of lyophilized P-SPIONs and pullulan were performed using SDT 2960 V2.2B (Simultaneous TGA-DTA, TA Instruments, Delaware, USA). TGA was run with in a temperature range of 25–1200 °C applying a constant heating rate of 10 °C/min.

The cubosomes
average hydrodynamic diameter (D_H) and
polydispersity index (PdI) were determined by dynamic light scattering
(DLS) using a Nano Series Zetasizer from Malvern Instruments, with
a detection angle of 173° in optically homogeneous, squared polystyrene
cells. All the measurements were performed at 25 °C. Each value
was obtained as an average of three runs with at least 10 measurements.
The ζ-potential of cubosomes was measured by the microelectrophoretic
method by the Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS apparatus. Each value was
obtained as an average of three subsequent runs of the instrument,
with at least 20 measurements. All samples were diluted with double
distilled water in the ratio 1:50 before D_H and ζ-potential measurements. The DTS (Nano) program was used
for data evaluation.

The ζ potential of emulsion droplets was determined by the microelectrophoretic method, using Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS apparatus (Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire, UK). Each value was calculated as an average from three consecutive measurements with 20 runs. The ζ potential measurements were performed at 25 °C.