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54 protocols using sodium sulfate

1

Perovskite Solar Cell Precursors

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Cesium iodide (CsI, 99.999%), lead iodide (PbI2, 99.9%), lead bromide (PbBr2, 99.9%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.8%), isopropanol (IPA,  ≥ 99.5%), bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), 4-tert-Butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) and toluene (TL, anhydrous, 99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tin (IV) oxide (15% in H2O colloidal dispersion) was purchased from Alfa-Aesar. Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, AR, ≥ 98.0%), citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7·H2O, AR, ≥ 99.5%), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, AR, ≥ 99.0%), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, AR, ≥ 99.8%), sodium nitrate (NaNO3, AR, ≥ 99.0%), trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na3PO4·12H2O, AR, ≥ 98.0%), sodium metasilicate nonahydrate (Na2SiO3·9H2O, AR, ≥ 98.0%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Formamidinium iodide (FAI) was purchased from Great Cell. Methylammonium iodide (MAI), methylammonium chloride (MACl), poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) were obtained from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp. 2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis-(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9’-spirobifluorene] (spiro-OMeTAD), [6 (link), 6 (link)]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM, 99.5%) and bathocuproine (BCP, 99%) were purchased from Nichem chemicals. Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates (8 Ω sq−1) and indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) substrates (7 Ω sq−1) were purchased from Nippon Sheet Glass.
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2

Synthesis of Graphene-based Composites

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Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2·6H2O), nickel nitrate hexahydrate (Ni(NO3)2·6H2O), sodium borohydride (NaBH4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd and used without any further purification. Graphene oxide (GO) was purchased from Beijing Boyu Co., Ltd. Woven cotton fabric was purchased from Shaoxing Aobang Textile Company.
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3

Synthesis of Titanium-Doped Peach Shell Biochar

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Tetrabutyl titanate (C16H36O4Ti), absolute ethanol, nitric
acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, and 3,4-DMA
were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. The detailed
information for 3,4-DMA is presented in S-2 of the Supporting Information. Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was purchased from Xinyang Chemical Reagent
Factory, China, and was of analytical grade. Peach shell biochar (BC)
was obtained from the local market.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolites

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The quartz
capillaries (internal diameter (i.d.) 0.53 and 0.32 mm, length 100
mm) were purchased from Dalian Zhonghuida Scientific Instrument Corporation.
The chemical reagents included tetrapropylammonium hydroxide solution
(TPAOH, ∼50 wt % in water), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS,
wt % ≥99.5%), sodium aluminate (NaAlO2, wt % ≥99.0%),
sodium hydroxide (NaOH, wt % ≥96.0%), anhydrous alcohol (EtOH,
wt % ≥99.7%), ammonium acetate (NH4Ac, wt % ≥98.0%),
sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, wt % ≥99.0%),
acetone (marked as ACT, wt % ≥99.5%), glycerol (marked as GCR,
wt % ≥99.0%), and N,N-dimethylformamidel
(DMF, wt % ≥99.5%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents
Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The used chemical coupling agent of (3-aminopropyl)
trimethoxysilane (APTMS, ∼97 wt %) was purchased from Aladdin
Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). All the above used chemical
reagents were analytical reagent (AR) and used as received without
further purification. The used deionized water (DI water, 18.2 MΩ)
was home-made.
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5

Bromination of Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

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Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene
oxide) (PPO) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co., Ltd., P. R. China.
2,2′-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and N-bromosuccinimide
(NBS) were purchased from Adamas Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Chlorobenzene
was bought from Shanghai Titas Co., Ltd., P. R. China. Potassium chromate
(K2CrO4), trimethylamine, N-methylimidazole, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), N-methypyrrolidine, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), N-methylpiperidine, chloroform (CHCl3), sodium chloride
(NaCl), silver nitrate (AgNO3), ethanol (EtOH), and 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., P.
R. China and were utilized as attained. Deionized (DI) water was utilized
throughout the work.
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6

Synthesis of SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) Polymeric Nanoparticles

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Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 28.5%), acrylamide (AM), N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBAAm), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), acetonitrile, ethyl alcohol, and ammonia solution (25%) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, for the synthesis of SiO2/P(MBAAm-co-AM) polymeric nanoparticles. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Beijing, China, for the preparation of simulated formation water. All the chemical reagents were of analytical grade, and all the solutions used in this work were freshly prepared using deionized water. The experimental gas purchased from a local supplier (Zhejiang Hongtai Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zhoushan, China) was nitrogen with a purity greater than 99.999%. The synthetic formation water was a brine with a total dissolved solids (TDS) value of 5260 ppm for all flow tests. The crude oil sample obtained from a Daqing oil reservoir had a density of 0.885 g/cm3 and a viscosity of 10.2 mPa s (60 °C) and was used to carry out the microscopic flooding experiment.
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7

Simultaneous Detection of Cd(II) and Hg(II) Ions

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L-arginine and standard reserve solutions of Cd2+ (892.9 μM), and Hg2+(498.5 μM) were obtained from Aladdin (Aladdin, Shanghai, China). Potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), manganese chloride (MnCl2), zinc chloride (ZnCl2), aluminum chloride (AlCl3), nickel chloride (NiCl2.6H2O), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), sodium nitrite (NaNO2), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), 1,10-phenanthroline, Rochelle salt, EDTA, sodium diphosphate, phytic acid, potassium iodide, acetate buffer, and trisodium citrate dihydrate were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). All the reagents and solvents of analytical grades were used without further purification. All the experiments were carried out using deionized water.
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8

Membrane-Based Ion Exchange Analyses

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In the experiment, the sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and sodium hydroxide purchased from the Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) were used in the chemical analyses. Deionized water (Millipore Milli-Q 18 MΩ, Bedford, MA, USA) was used throughout. The Selemion homogeneous cation exchange membrane CMV and Selemion anion exchange membrane AMV used during the experiment were purchased from Asahi Glass Co., Suzhou, China and the bipolar membrane (BPM) was provided by Tokuyama Astom Co., Tokuyama, Japan. The main properties of the ion exchange membrane are presented in Table 1.
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9

Volatile Compounds Analysis Protocol

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Diethyl ether, sodium bicarbonate, hydrochloric acid, and sodium sulfate were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Serial n-alkanes (C7-C40) were purchased from O2si Smart Solutions (North Charleston, SC). The standards butanoic acid (99%), furaneol (98%), acetic acid (99%), acetoin (98%), methional (99%), 2-heptanone (98%), and homofuraneol (98%) were purchased from Macklin Biochemical Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) . Hexanoic acid (99%), ethyl caprylate (98%), ethyl caprate (99%), hexanal (98%), furfural (98%), 2-nonanone (99%), (E)-2-nonenal (99%), ethyl hexanoate (98%), phenethyl alcohol (99%), ethyl butanoate (99%), 2,3-butanedione (98%), nonanal (99%), octanoic acid (99%), limonene (95%), methanethiol (2,000 μg/mL in toluene), octanal (99%), 2-undecanone (99%), and dimethyl trisulfide (98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich AccuStandard (Beijing, China).
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10

Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials

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Nor oxacin (C 16 H 18 FN 3 O 3 , 98.0%), ferric chloride (FeCl 3 , 99.0%), cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl 2 •6H 2 O, AR) and tetrabutyl titanate (Ti (OC 4 H 9 ) 4 , 99.0%) were obtained from Aladdin Industrial Corporation (Shanghai, China). Methanol, acetonitrile and phosphoric acid were all of HPLC grade, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ethylene glycol, polyEthylene glycol, sodium acetate, ammonium hexa uorotitanate, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydrate, sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate and other analytical reagents were uniformly purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Company (Shanghai, China). A 10 W ultraviolet lamp used was from Heraeus Holding (Hanau, Germany). All reagents were used directly without further puri cation.
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