Measurements of enzyme activities (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and LDH) were performed on a
Roche COBAS 8000 apparatus (Roche Diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland). Pyridoxal phosphate was added when measuring AST and ALT. All of the methods for measurement of enzyme activity are standardized to IFCC reference measurement procedures. Creatinine (CREA), CRP, IL6 and NT-proB-type Natriuretic Peptide (proBNP) were also measured on a Roche COBAS 8,000 instrument, using the following: immunoturbidimetric assay (CRP), enzymatic method (CREA), electrochemiluminescent assay (IL6 and pro-BNP) [15] . D-dimer measurements were performed using a
Star Max Instrument (Diagnostica Stago, Inc.) using a Stago reagent, in Latex turbidimetric principle. WBC, platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes were measured on
Sysmex XE 2100 (Sysmex, Japan). Blood samples were collected, daily or every other day, as described elsewhere [16, 17] .
The RT-PCR was performed on a
Roche Cobas Z480 thermocycler using the Roche provided PCR Kit [18] . Clinical information on comorbidities were from ER medical records.
Individuals signed an informed consent authorizing the use of their anonymous data for retrospective observational studies (article 9.2.j; EU general data protection regulation 2016/679 [GDPR]), in accordance to the San Raffaele Hospital policy (IOG075/ 2016).
Ferrari D., Seveso A., Sabetta E., Ceriotti D., Carobene A., Banfi G., Locatelli M, & Cabitza F. (2020). Role of time-normalized laboratory findings in predicting COVID-19 outcome. Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany), 7(4).