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5 protocols using naocl

1

Comparative Evaluation of Endodontic Irrigants

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Commercial preparations of Biopure MTAD (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN) and 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Dentaclor, Ammdent, Chandigarh, India) were obtained.
The 2.5% NaOCl was freshly prepared from 4% NaOCl (Fischer Scientific, Mumbai, India). iodine potassium iodide was freshly prepared by dissolving 2% iodine (Merck, Mumbai, India) in a 4% aqueous solution of potassium iodide (Rankem, Delhi, India).
Biopure MTAD was used with 1.3% NaOCl as per the manufacturer's instructions. We prepared fresh solutions of 1.3% NaOCl from 4% NaOCl (Fischer Scientific, Mumbai, India).
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2

Chlorination of Water Samples

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A stock solution of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used for chlorination. It was standardized according to Standard Method 4500B [24 ]. The water samples were dosed with a chlorine concentration that allowed the free residual chlorine concentration to be in the range of 0.2 to 1.0 mg·L1 after 48 h of incubation at room temperature according to the procedures delineated in Standard Method 2350B and Standard Method 5710C [24 ]. Chlorine residuals were analyzed using the DPD ferrous titrimetric method in Standard Method 4500F [24 ].
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3

Bacterial Strain Cultivation and Assays

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A summary of the bacterial strains and oligos used in this study is listed in Supplementary Tables 1, 2, respectively.
B-medium is a modified LB medium suitable for staphylococci cultivation by adding 1 g/L potassium phosphate (Brückner, 2006 (link)). In cultivation steps, the ratio of the bacterial suspension to the total volume of the flask was less than or equal to 1:3 to ensure sufficient aeration.
RPMI medium (catalog number 72400021) was purchased from LIFE Technologies. Formaldehyde (FA), diamide, and NaOCl was bought from Fisher Scientific, MP Biomedicals, and Alfa Aesar, respectively. 4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide hydrate (MUG), methylhydroquinone (MHQ), methylglyoxal (MG), H2O2, cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), and mevalonate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Thiourea, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and catalase was purchased from Carl Roth, Hölzel Diagnostika, and MP Biomedicals, respectively. Stressors were dissolved in sterilized Milli-Q water for β-galactosidase and survival assays.
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4

Monochloramine Disinfection Experiments

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For monochloramine experiments, PBS of pH 8.0 was used. Monochloramine solutions were prepared by mixing the appropriate volume of 1.91% NH4Cl (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) and 14.5% NaOCl (Alfa Aesar, UK) solutions. A series of monochloramine concentrations from 0.001 to 10 mg L−1 were prepared in PBS. The remaining protocol was the same as that used for chlorine (described above).
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5

Synthesis of F-18 Fluoroglucosamine from FDG

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We synthesized FGA from commercially available 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG). The pre-formulation data leading up to a kit has been published elsewhere [11 (link)]. A typical kit vial contained a lyophilized mixture of 0.8 mg of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy or TEMPO (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 8 mg of sodium bromide (NaBr, Mallinckrodt, Paris, Kentucky, USA), and 24 mg sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, Sigma-Aldrich). For conversion of FDG into FGA, FDG was introduced into the vial in presence of 20 μL NaOCl (14% available chlorine, Alfa Aesar, Tewksbury, MA). After 5 min, the reaction was stopped and the mixture was neutralized by 1.5 mL of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The resultant product was drawn into a syringe for injection via a 0.2 μm syringe filter. The presence of FGA and FDG in the final preparation was monitored by thin-layered chromatography (TLC) as described elsewhere [11 (link)].
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