Staphylococcus epidermidis atcc 12228

For antimicrobial assays, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15692, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, United States). Salmonella typhimurium KCTC 1926 and Listeria monocytogenes KCTC 3710 were obtained from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (Jeollabuk-do, Korea).
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of purified PN peptides were assayed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations (Wiegand et al., 2008 (link)). Briefly, bacterial suspension (5 × 10⁵ CFU/ml), obtained by diluting an exponential growth phase culture, was then added into the 96-well plates containing 2-fold serial dilutions of each fraction, the plates were incubated for 18 h at 37°C. MICs of PN peptides were measured in optical density at 600 nm using Versamax™ ELISA Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, United States). PBS, culture media, and melittin were used as growth and growth inhibition controls. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of PN peptide that was able to inhibit microbial growth.

Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA).

The bacterial strains S. aureus ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). S. aureus CVCC 546, Streptococcus pneumoniae CVCC 2350, Streptococcus suis CVCC 3928, Salmonella pullorum CVCC 533, Salmonella enteritidis CVCC 3377, and E. coli K88 were purchased from the China Veterinary Culture Collection Center (CVCC). RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were obtained from Peking Union Medical College.

Fungal and bacterial strains were obtained from various sources. Escherichia coli SBS363 and M. luteus A270 were from the Pasteur Institute (Paris); Candida albicans (MDM8) was from the Department of Microbiology from the University of São Paulo (Brazil); E. coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Serratia marcescens ATCC4112, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 were from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The following human clinical yeast isolates, which can be agents of candidiasis, obtained from the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (Brazil) were also used: Trichosporon sp. IOC 4569, Candida krusei IOC 4559, Candida glabrata IOC 4565, C. albicans IOC 4558, Candida parapsilosis IOC 4564, Candida tropicalis IOC 4560, and Candida guilliermondii IOC 4557.

Escherichia coli SBS 363 and Micrococcus luteus A270 were obtained from the Pasteur Institute collection [6 (link)]. The Candida albicans MDM8 strain was donated by Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas from Universidade de São Paulo. The E. coli D31 and Enterobacter cloacae β12 strains were kindly donated by Dr. Hans G. Boman group from University of Stockholm. The M. luteus BR2 strain was donated by Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas from Universidade de São Paulo. The yeast strains from clinical isolates deposited in the Oswald Cruz Institute collection were kindly provided by Prof. Mirian Hayashi (Pharmacology Department–Federal University of São Paulo): Candida albicans IOC4558, Candida tropicalis IOC4560 and Candida guilliermondii IOC4557. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC12228, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, Serratia marcescens ATCC4112 and Cladosporium herbarum ATCC 26362 were acquired from the American Type Culture Collection (http://www.atcc.org). Aspergillus niger was isolated from bread. Paecilomyces farinosus IBCB251 is an entomopathogenic filamentous fungus obtained from the “Oldemar Cardim Abreu” collection of the Instituto Biológico (IB-CB).

The plasmid pPICZαA and P. pastoris X−33 strain were purchased from Invitrogen. Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, S. aureus ATCC 43300, and S. aureus ATCC 25923 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, S. aureus CVCC 546 was purchased from the China Veterinary Culture Collection Center. Pseudomonas aeruginosa CICC 20625 was purchased from the China Center of Industrial Culture Collection, Streptococcus agalactiae CAU−FRI 4 was offered by the College of Veterinary Med China Agricultural University, S. aureus E48 by the College of Animal Sci and Technol Northwest A&F University, and clinical Staphylococcus hyicus ACCC 61734 by the Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Med Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences. All reagents were analytical grade.