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16 protocols using panavia v5

1

Evaluating Resin Cement and Porcelain Performance

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According to the Dede et al.'s study (2016) and using one-way ANOVA Power Analysis PASS11, considering α = 0.05 and β = 0.2, and the mean standard deviation ΔE = 0.57 and Effect size = 0.5, the minimum sample required for each of the six group of study was 9 samples, in which increased to 10 in this study to have more power.
The study groups (n = 10) in this in vitro experimental study were as follows:

Group 1: Choice 2 (Bisco) light-cure resin cement and medium-opacity feldspathic porcelain

Group 2: G-CEM LinkForce (GC, Tokyo, Japan) dual-cure resin cement and medium-opacity feldspathic porcelain

Group 3: Panavia V5 (Kuraray Medical, Tokyo, Japan) dual-cure resin cement and medium-opacity feldspathic porcelain

Group 4: Choice 2 (Bisco) light-cure resin cement

Group 5: G-CEM LinkForce (GC, Tokyo, Japan) dual-cure resin cement

Group 6: Panavia V5 (Kuraray Medical, Tokyo, Japan) dual-cure resin cement.

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2

Comparative Evaluation of Dual-Cure Resin Cements

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Two dual-cure resin cements, Panavia V5 (V5) with Panavia V5 Tooth Primer (Tooth Primer) (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) and Rely X Ultimate (RXU) with Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SBU; 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were used. Each cement was dispensed from an auto-mixing syringe delivered by the manufacturer.
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3

Evaluating CAD/CAM Material Thickness for Dual-Cure Resin Cement

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Table 1 lists CAD/CAM materials. This study used three types of commercially available aesthetic CAD/CAM materials: lithium disilicate glass (e.max CAD), resin composite (CERASMART), and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (ENAMIC). Both HT and LT grades were used for each material, which makes a total of six types of CAD/CAM materials. Each CAD/CAM material block was cut into plates of different thicknesses (1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 9.5 mm) using a diamond wheel saw (MINICUT 40, SCAN-DIA GmbH & CO. KG, Hagen, Germany) under water cooling. The surface of each plate was polished using emery papers in the order of #400, #800, and #1500. To ensure that the specified thickness was within ±0.1 mm, the resultant plate thickness was measured using a digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo CD-15CPX, Mitutoyo Corp., Kawasaki, Japan). The polished plates were then cleaned via ultrasonication in distilled water for 5 min to eliminate debris. The resultant plates were used for the polymerization experiment of the dual-cure resin cement. Figure 1 illustrates the CAD/CAM material plates, showcasing variations in thickness along with the HT and LT grades.
Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake Dental, Inc., Tokyo, Japan) was used as the dual-cure resin cement.
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4

Micro-Shear Bond Strength of Zirconia

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After the investigations, all the specimen surfaces were applied with a 10-MDP containing primer (Clearfil™ Ceramic Primer Plus, Kuraray Noritake Inc., Okayama, Japan). After placing polyethelene tubes (Tygon®, Norton Performance Plastic, OH, USA) with an internal diameter of 0.8 mm and a height of 0.5 mm on the zirconia surface, resin cement (Panavia™ V5, Kuraray Noritake Inc., Okayama, Japan) was subsequently injected into the tube and light cured for 20 s from the top surface using a light-curing unit (Bluephase® N, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). All specimens were stored in 37 °C distilled water for 24 h. After carefully removing the tubes, the specimens were subjected to μSBS testing using a universal testing machine (Instron® 5566, Illinois Tool Works, MA, USA) using the wire-loop technique at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The materials used are listed in Table 1. The μSBS data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05).
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5

Composite Resin Cement Microtensile Bond Strength

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The composite resin cement (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was filled in 2-mm layers to a height of 4 mm on the surface after each treatment (Fig. 1d).
The cement was light-cured using a light emitting diode (SATELEC Mini LED III, Acteon, Merignac, France) with a peak power output of 2,200 mW/cm² for 20 s (Fig. 1e). The specimens were then stored for 24 h in water at 37°C (Fig. 1f), after which a slow-speed, watercooled, diamond saw (MC-201N, Maruto) was used to cut each specimen into beams measuring 0.7×0.7 mm (24 beams per block, total 72 beams) (Fig. 1g). Then, for the initial µTBS testing after 24 h (0M), 24 beams were selected at random (Fig. 1h). Using cyanoacrylate glue (Model Repair II Blue, Dentsply Sirona, Tokyo, Japan), each beam was fixed to a jig to subject it to a tensile force at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min in a universal testing machine (EZtest, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) until fracture. Mean and standard deviation values were then calculated (as MPa). As for the remaining beams, they were randomly divided into two groups to measure µTBS after 1 month (1M) or after 6 months (6M). For the 6-month group, the specimens were immersed and kept in the same water at 37°C in containers that were completely sealed.
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6

Adhesive Cementation Protocol for Dental Restorations

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After milling, the restorations were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath and degreased with ethanol. The luting surface was etched with a 5% hydrofluoric acid (Ceramics Etch; Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) for 60 s and then rinsed with water for 60 s [40 (link)]. Silanization (Monobond Plus; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) was performed for 60 s, before a dual-polymerized resin cement (Panavia V5; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Kurashiki, Japan) was used for adhesive luting. The restorations were seated, and finger pressure was applied. After removing excess material, the luting resin cement was polymerized (Bluephase G2; Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with 1200 mW/cm2 from the occlusal, buccal, lingual, mesial and distal aspect for 40 s each. The preparation of the RC, PM and HC abutments for adhesive luting was performed as proposed by the manufacturer for each material, as presented in Table 2. The prepared teeth were cleaned using an occlubrush (KerrHawe SA, Bioggio, Switzerland) followed by application of a self-etching primer (Panavia V5 Tooth Primer; Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Kurashiki, Japan) for 20 s (Table 2).
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7

Adhesive Resin Cementation Protocol

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Before cementation, airborne particle abrasion protocol (50 mm alumina particles for 10 seconds at 0.2 MPa) was performed. After abrasion, ceramic surface was treated by a single bottle MDP-based adhesive primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer plus; Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan). To simulate the clinical scenario for cementation, tooth primer was applied to the composite resin substrate surface (Tooth Primer, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) in accordance with manufacturer's instruction [21 (link)]. 45 specimens of each thickness were further divided into 5 groups (n = 9), and dual cure adhesive resin cement (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake, Tokyo, Japan) in five shades of clear, universal, white, brown, and opaque was applied between the treated surface of ceramic specimen and composite resin substrate. Compressive pressure of 250 gr was applied for 10 s in order to obtain similar thickness of resin cement using universal test machine (Hounsfield 5K, England) 2. The cement was irradiated with a light polymerization device (LITEX 680A Curing Light, Dentamerica, USA) for 40 s in each layer of incisal, body, and cervical (Figure 2).
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8

Resin Cement Performance Evaluation

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In this in vitro study, three commercial resin cements including Choice 2 (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) as a light-cured resin cement, Panavia V5 and F2 (KurarayCo. Ltd., Osaka, Japan) as dual-cured resin cements were used. The compositions of these resin cements are mentioned in Table 1. Sample size was calculated 5 samples for each group using power and sample size calculation software version 3.43 with 0.05 level of significance and a study power of 80%.
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9

Resin Composite Bonding to Lithium Disilicate

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The seventy cylindrical resin composite specimens (Filtek Z350 XT A3, 3M ESPE, Minnesota, USA) size 3 mm in diameter were fabricated and randomly divided into seven groups. The LDS specimens were treated with Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray Noritake, Tokyo, Japan) and gently dried with oil-free air. Then, the resin composite specimens were bonded to LDS with Panavia V5 (Kuraray Noritake, Tokyo, Japan) under 1 kg load using a Durometer (ASTM D 2240 TYPE A, D PTC Instrument, USA). The excess cement was removed. The specimens were light-cured with an LED light cure unit (DEMI™ Plus, Kerr Dental, California, USA) for 40 seconds. The load was applied on the specimen for 8 minutes to ensure complete setting of cement.
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10

Dental Bonding Material Composition

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The material compositions used in this study are listed in Table 1. KATANA AVENCIA (KATANA AVENCIA BLOCK, Kuraray Noritake Dental, Tokyo, Japan) is a CRB and PANAVIA V5 (PV5, Kuraray Noritake Dental) is a resin cement with its tooth primer. Forty percent phosphoric acid (K-etchant gel, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was used to clean up the CRB surface. Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Ceramic Primer, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was used as a silane coupling agents for the CRB surfaces.
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