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51 protocols using methyl acetate

1

Synthesis of Lead-based Perovskite Photovoltaics

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Lead(ii) bromide (PbBr2, 99.999% trace metal basis), lead(ii) iodide (PbI2, 99.999% trace metal basis), cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3, reagent plus, 99%), octadecene (ODE, technical grade, 90%), oleylamine (OAm, 70%), and oleic acid (OAc, 90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Hexane (fraction from petroleum) and methyl acetate (MeOAc, synthesis grade) were purchased from Merck. FTO (TCO 22-7, 2.2 mm thickness) and Ti-nanoxide (T/SP, particle size 20 nm) were purchased from Solaronix. Titanium isopropoxide (>97%), spiro-MeOTAD (>99%), bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt (99.95%), 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP, 96%), tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine) cobalt(iii) (>99%), and anhydrous chlorobenzene (99.8%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
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2

Corneal Tissue Irritation Assay

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The following reagents, test systems and technical equipment were used: Spectrophotometer: Sunrise™ Absorbance Reader (Tecan Group Ltd., Switzerland; measurement using a filter wavelength of 570 nm without reference filter). MatTek Corp. (USA) and MatTek In Vitro Life Science Laboratories (Slovakia) provided the following reagents and test systems: EpiOcular™ OCL-200 kit (containing 24 OCL-200 reconstructed cornea tissues, 0.6 cm2 surface area, cultured in Millicells® with 1-cm diameter); Dulbecco‘s modified eagle’s medium (DMEM; also purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany); Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without Ca2+ or Mg2+ (also purchased from Biochrom, Germany); MTT (also purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Germany), and 1.0 mg/mL isopropanol.
Highly de-ionized water was used as negative control (NC) and methyl acetate (purity >98 %, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) No. 79–20–9, Merck KGaA, Germany) as positive control (PC).
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3

Chitosan-Modified PVDF Membrane Fabrication

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PVDF membranes with a nominal
pore size of 0.22 μm were purchased from Merck Millipore (Germany).
Methyl acetate (MeAc), methanol (MeOH), dimethylformamide (DMF), dichloromethane
(DCM), toluene, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 30%,
3-isocyanatopropyldimethylchlorosilane (M-Cl), and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) were bought from
ABCR Chemicals (Germany). Chitosan (deacetylation 75%, low molecular
weight—mol weight 50–190 kDa) was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich
(Germany). In addition, sodium chloride (NaCl) was purchased from
Avantor Performance Materials (Poland). Aqueous solutions were prepared
using deionized water (15 MΩ·cm) (Elix, Millipore).
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4

Synthesis and Purification of RAFT Agents

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Styrene (Sigma Aldrich, 99%) was deinhibited over activated basic alumina prior to each polymerization. The RAFT agents TTC 2 (ABCR, 97%) and TTC 3 (ABCR, 97%) were used as received. The chemicals used as reactants, acryloyl chloride (ABCR, 96%, stabilized with phenothiazine), pyrrolidine (Acros, 99%), butanethiol (Sigma Aldrich, 99%), potassium hydroxide (Merck, 485%), carbon disulfide (Merck, 99%), p-tosyl chloride (Merck, 98%), and 4,4 0 -azobis(4-cyanopentanoic acid) (Sigma Aldrich, 98%) were used as received. All solvents for reactions, purifications, and NMR, dichloromethane (Acros, 99.9%), 1,4-dioxane (Gru ¨ssing, 99%), dimethylformamide (VWR, 99.5%), acetone (Merck, 99%), methyl acetate (Merck, 99%), n-hexane (VWR Chemicals, 95%), chloroform-d 1 (Euriso-Top, 99.8%), and tetrahydrofuran-d 8 (Euriso-Top, 99.5%) were used without further purification. All other chemicals, sodium chloride Gru ¨ssing (99%), KHSO 4 (Gru ¨ssing, 99%), NaHCO 3 (Gru ¨ssing, 99%), Mg 2 SO 4 (Gru ¨ssing, 99%), and activated basic aluminum oxide (Merck, 99%, grain size between 0.063-0.200 mm) were also used as received.
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5

Synthetic Lipid Standards for Research

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Synthetic lipid standards [PC 12:0/12:0 (850335), PE 17:0/14:1 (LM-1104), PI 17:0/14:1 (LM-1504), PS 17:0/14:1 (LM-1304), Cer d18:1/17:0 (860517), SM d18:1/12:0 (860583), HexCer d18:1/8:0 (860540), DoxDHCer m18:0/12:0 (860460), 17:0-17:1-17:0 D5 TG (860903), 1,3-17:0 D5 DG (800854) and N-C12-deoxysphingosine m18:1/12:0 (860455)] were from Avanti Polar Lipids Inc. MTBE (methyl-tert-butyl ether) and methylamine (33% in absolute ethanol) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Chloroform, methanol, n-butanol and ammonium molybdate were from Acros Organics. LC-MS grade methanol, water and ammonium acetate were from Fluka. HPLC-grade Chloroform was purchased from Acros Organics. Monopotassium phosphate, L-ascorbic acid, 70% perchloric acid, hexane, methyl acetate and acetonitrile were from Merck.
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6

Perovskite Solar Cell Synthesis

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Cs2CO3(99.9%), didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB,98%), toluene (ACS grade, Fisher), Octanoic acid (OTAc,98%), Formamidine acetate (FAAc, 99%), tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB,98%), Methyl acetate (98%), and aluminum (Al) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. PbBr2 (99.9%), PbCl2 (99.9%), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) dry re-dispersible pellets (PEDOT:PSS (4083)), Poly[N,N’-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N,N’-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (Poly-TPD), 1,3,5-Tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene(TPBi), and LiF were purchased from Xi’an Polymer Light Technology Corp.
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7

Synthesis of Hybrid Perovskite Materials

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Methylammonium bromide (MABr, 98%), formamidinium bromide (FABr, ≥98%), cesium bromide (CsBr, 99.999% trace metals basis), lead bromide (PbBr2, 99.99%), N-N-dimethylformamide (DMF, suitable for HPLC, ≥99.9%), n-hexane (hexane, suitable for HPLC, ≥97.0%), toluene (suitable for HPLC, 99.9%), chloroform (≥99.5%), oleic acid (OA, 90%), oleylamine (OLA, 70%), and methyl acetate (anhydrous, 99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used directly without further purification.
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8

Organic Materials Synthesis and Purification

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For this study, SubPc (99%), mCP (99%), TPBi (99%), C545T (99%), TAPC (99%), and PTB7 (Mw > 50,000) were obtained from Lumtec Inc., C60 (99%) and C70 (99%) were obtained from MER Corporation, MoO3 (99%) and BCP (98%) were obtained from Alfa Aesar, chloroform (99%), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (99%), octane (98%), oleic acid (tech. grade 90%) acetonitrile (99.5%), and methyl acetate (anhydrous) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich, selenium dioxide (99.8%) and 1-octadecene (90%) were obtained from Acros Organics. All materials above were used as received. The NPD (99%) was synthesized by the Dow Chemical Company and purified once by temperature-gradient sublimation69 (link). Cadmium myristate was prepared on a multi-gram scale according to the method reported by Chen et al.70 (link).
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9

Volatile Organic Compound Identification

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Identities of all VOCs considered as potential marker substances were confirmed through analysis of pure reference substances.
Acetone, 2-butanone, hexanal, nonanal, isoprene and benzene were acquired from Ionimed Analytik GmbH (Innsbruck, Austria). Butane, pentane and hexane were bought from Supelco (Bellefonte, USA). Methyl-isobutyl-ketone, 1-propanol, styrene, 3-octanone, 2-heptanone, furan, heptane, methylacetate, 2-methylfuran, 2-ethylfuran, 2-pentylfuran, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 3-hexanone, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-propanethiol and dimethylsulfide were purchased from Fluka/Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). 2-Methyl-butanal and dimethyldisulfide were bought from Abbott GmbH & Co.KG (Wiesbaden, Germany). Ethylbenzene was acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 3-methylfuran and 3-methylbutanal was purchased from TCI Europe N.V. (Zwijndrecht, Belgium).
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10

Therapeutic Interventions for Radiation-Induced Injury

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Mice in the dmPGE2-treated groups received single intraperitoneal (IP) injections of either 2 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg body weight dmPGE2 (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) dissolved in methyl acetate at 24 h after TBI in the lethal and sublethal models, respectively. Irradiated control mice received a single IP injection of methyl acetate (Sigma-Aldrich® LLC, St. Louis, MO) vehicle at the same dosage and timing as the dmPGE2-treated groups. All mice also received 500 μl (60 mg/l in the drinking water; Cayman Chemicals; estimated to provide a dose of 28.5 mg/m2/day), was initiated at day 7 after TBI in the lethal model. The dose and schedule of lisinopril are equivalent and consistent with previously published studies in a rat model (43 (link)); however, water consumption was not quantitated to account for variation in lisinopril dosage, particularly after irradiation. Lisinopril was started at day 3 postirradiation in the sublethal model to begin therapy more than 24 h after TBI but prior to the decline in peripheral platelet counts (45 (link)). All lisinopril-treated groups continued therapy for the duration of the study and water packs containing lisinopril were replaced weekly.
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