To probe the influences of different washing agents on metal fractions left in the washed sediments, every 10.0 g of the original sediment, RF1, RF2 and RF3 samples, was mixed with 100 ml of 1 M HCl, or 0.01 M EDTA, or 0.5 M H2O2 solution in a 250-ml glass bottle by a rotary shaker of 90±5 rpm for 2 h. Then the washing solution and the sediments were separated by centrifuging at 5,000 rpm for 10 min. Heavy metals of concern (i.e. Cu and Zn) in the supernatant were measured by Optima 3000XL inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, USA) using USEPA Method 6010C. The separated sediment sample was flushed with deionized water to completely remove the dissociated metals.
Optima 3000xl
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Optima 3000XL is a high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) designed for accurate and reliable elemental analysis. It features advanced optics and a powerful detector to provide precise quantification of a wide range of elements in various sample types.
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Lab products found in correlation
Vario el, by Elementar (2 mentions)
Hi 93703 portable turbidity meter, by Hanna Instruments (1 mentions)
Dx 120, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Vario el 3, by Elementar (1 mentions)
Vario max cube, by Elementar (1 mentions)
Pw 1830, by Philips (1 mentions)
Pw 3710, by Philips (1 mentions)
Toc vcph, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Spectroquant pharo 300, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
11 protocols using optima 3000xl
1
Influence of Washing Agents on Sediment Metals
2
Pedogenic Oxides in Flysch and Molasse
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Pedogenic Al and Fe oxides (comprising oxides, oxyhydroxides, and hydrated oxides) were analyzed for the sites W (Flysch) and B1 (Molasse). The dithionite-soluble Fe (Fed) and Al (Ald) fractions were determined according to Holmgren (1967 (link)): 2.0 g soil sample were mixed with 2.0 g Na2S2O4 and shaken for 16 h in 100 mL 0.3 mol L−1 sodium citrate − 1.0 mol L−1 NaHCO3 (4:1) solution. The contents of the oxalate-soluble Fe (Feo) and Al (Alo) were determined according to ÖNORM L 1201: 1.0 g soil sample was shaken in 50 mL 0.2 mol L−1 ammonium oxalate − 0.2 mol L−1 oxalic acid solution (4:3) for 4 h in the dark. The first 10 mL of the filtered extract were not used for measurement. Contents of Fe and Al in these extracts were analyzed by ICP-OES (ICP-OES, Optima 3000 XL, Perkin Elmer, USA), using external calibration.
3
Determination of Pedogenic Al and Fe Oxides
4
Groundwater Quality Analysis Protocol
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The temperature, pH, EC, Eh, and DO of all water samples were measured using Orion portable meters (Orion 5-star RDO Multiparameter Meters; Thermo Scientific, Beverly, MA, USA). The portable meters were calibrated and checked before the measurements. Alkalinity was determined in the field via volumetric titration using 0.05 N HNO3 [20 (link)].
Cations were analyzed by with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (Optima 3000XL; Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and anions were analyzed with ion chromatograph (DX-120; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) at the Center for Mineral Resource Research, Korea University, South Korea. Turbidity was determined using a turbidity meter (HI93703 Portable Turbidity Meter; Hanna, Woonsocket, RI, USA). Total viable colony counts were obtained by plating diluted groundwater samples on a solid agar medium according to a method described previously [21 (link)].
Cations were analyzed by with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (Optima 3000XL; Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA) and anions were analyzed with ion chromatograph (DX-120; Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) at the Center for Mineral Resource Research, Korea University, South Korea. Turbidity was determined using a turbidity meter (HI93703 Portable Turbidity Meter; Hanna, Woonsocket, RI, USA). Total viable colony counts were obtained by plating diluted groundwater samples on a solid agar medium according to a method described previously [21 (link)].
5
Nutrient Analyses of Plant and Dung Samples
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After collection from the field, we dried all plant and dung samples at 60 °C for at least 24 h and milled them to 1-mm grain size. We determined the total N concentration in plant and dung samples applying Dumas combustion in a CN elemental analyzer (vario MAX cube, elementar, Langenselbold, DE, for data from 2015 and vario EL III, elementar, Langenselbold, DE, for data from April 2016). To evaluate if the diet consumed by red deer had a similar quality as the vegetation on our experimental plots, we additionally predicted the expected faecal N percentage based on the plant N concentration (Online Resource Appendix A1).
We analysed the concentrations of P in all samples after digestion with 65% HNO3 at 195 °C for 8 h by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (6300 DUO ICP-OES, Thermo Fisher Corporation, Waltham, MA, US for data from June 2015 and Optima 3000 XL, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, US, for all other data). All nutrient concentrations are given in percent dry mass.
We analysed the concentrations of P in all samples after digestion with 65% HNO3 at 195 °C for 8 h by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (6300 DUO ICP-OES, Thermo Fisher Corporation, Waltham, MA, US for data from June 2015 and Optima 3000 XL, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, US, for all other data). All nutrient concentrations are given in percent dry mass.
6
Lettuce Uptake Potential for Heavy Metals
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As test plants, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was chosen, which is known as a rapidly growing and universally accumulating species [13 ]. Three lettuce seedlings were randomly planted at Kick–Brauckmann pots containing 8 kg of dried soil (≤20 mm), which were placed randomly in a foliar-covered greenhouse, and watered each 3rd day. Then, 10 days after planting, the samples marked as “PK” in Table 2 received an addition of 225 mg/kg P + 128 mg/kg K from a combination of superphosphate and potassium chloride. At the same time, the samples marked as “metal” received an addition of 0.75 mg/kg Cd + 94 mg/kg Ni + 94 mg/kg Pb with respect to the test substrate, from 15 mL of a mixed solution containing 0.384 g Cd (as Cd (NO3)2·4H2O), 48 g Ni (as NiSO4·6H2O), and 48 g Pb (as Pb(acetate)2·3H2O) in 1 L, to test the uptake potential of lettuce for those metals. After 40 days of growth, roots and shoots were harvested separately to obtain yields in terms of wet weight. The samples were dried at 65 °C for 72 h, milled, and analysed for total metal contents by simultaneous multi-element analysis by ICP–OES (PerkinElmer Optima 3000XL) after digestion with nitric acid in closed pressure vessels by microwave-assisted heating.
7
Quantitative Analysis of Root Nutrients
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To quantify the levels of Al, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, the dry root tips (~0.5 cm) were subjected to nitric-perchloric digestion (65% and 70%) (Miyazama et al. 1999 ). The samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Perkin-Elmer Optima 3000XL, Maryland, USA).
8
Aluminum Quantification in Root Samples
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The Al concentrations were quantified in total roots and root tips (0.5 cm) after 7 days in nutritive solution (Silva et al. 2020) (link). The samples were analyzed in an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Perkin-Elmer Optima 3000XL, Maryland, USA).
9
Soil Physico-Chemical and Mineralogical Analysis
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Field water content was determined by drying soil samples at 105 C for 24 h. The soil pH H2O was also measured (1:2.5 ratio). The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils was measured using the method of Hendershot and Duquette (1986) (link). Major cations (Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , K þ , and Na þ ) and major anions (Cl À and SO 4 2À ) were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES (PerkinElmer-Optima 3000XL) and San þþ Automated Wet Chemistry Analyzer-Continuous Flow Analyzer (Skalar), respectively. Total carbon (TC) content was determined with a C/N analyzer (Elementar Vario EL). Total content of pedogenic (hydr)oxides was estimated as dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extractable iron (Fed) (AAS, PerkinElmer) using the method of Mehra and Jackson (1960) . Mn-oxide and active (oxalate extractable) Fe-and Al-(hydr)oxide (Fe o and Al o ) contents were measured using the method of Searle and Daly (1977) (link). For mineralogical identification, X-ray diffraction analysis was performed using a Philips (now PANalytical) PW 1830 instrument, with a Philips PW 3710 control unit (Cu Ka radiation with wavelength 1.54056 Å produced at 50 mA and 40 kV) to identify the clay minerals present in the clay fraction (Brindley and Brown, 1980; Refaey et al., 2015) (link).
10
Dissolved Organic Carbon Characterization
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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was determined by a TOC analyzer (TOC-VCPH, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) while TOC contents in solid OM were determined with a C/N analyzer (Elementar Vario EL). Ultraviolet absorbance (UVA) was measured at l ¼ 254 in effluents with a UVeVis spectrometer (Spectroquant Pharo 300, Merck). Specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) values for each leached sample were obtained by dividing the UV absorbance value by the DOC concentration (mg/l) in the leachate and reported in the units of liter per milligram carbon per meter (L mg À1 m À1 ). SUVA is related to the average molecular weight of the DOM and provides a rough estimation of the aromaticity per unit of carbon concentration (Weishaar et al., 2003; (link)Piirsoo et al., 2012) (link). Effluent samples (35 ml) were collected from the exit of the column at different intervals for a total time of 18 h and analyzed for Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn and cations (Ca 2þ , Mg 2þ , K þ , and Na þ ) using ICP-OES (PerkinElmer-Optima 3000XL).
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