The aflatoxin analysis was carried out at the laboratory of Alimentos, Micotoxinas and Micotoxicosis of the Faculty of High Studies of Cuautitlán of the National Autonomous University. The fig fruit were covered with the 8 treatments and the control. Later, the fig fruit were inoculated and stored as previously described; 10 fruit were used per treatment. Ten grams of fig fruit were liquefied with 50 mL of a methanol-water solution (70/30) for 1 min. The mixture was filtered through Whatman grade 1 paper for subsequent centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min. An extract of 5 mL was deposited in an Erlenmeyer flask and 20 mL of double distilled water was added. The dilution was filtered again through Whatman grade 1 paper and 10 mL was passed through the monoclonal affinity column (Aflatest, VICAM). Subsequently, the column was rinsed with double distilled water; 1 mL of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade methanol was passed through the column and recovered for introduction to a multiple wavelength fluorescence detector (VICAM, Series-4) using 365 nm excitation and 440 nm emission for aflatoxin detection. The data were expressed in parts per billion (ppb) of total aflatoxins [7 (link)].
Whatman grade 1 paper
Manufactured by Cytiva
Sourced in United Kingdom
Whatman grade 1 paper is a highly absorbent and qualitative filter paper used for general laboratory filtration applications. It is made from high-purity cotton linters and has a fast flow rate and high particle retention.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Libra s22, by Harvard Bioscience (1 mentions)
Series 4, by VICAM (1 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Agarose, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
4 6 diamidino 2 phenylindole (dapi), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Fm4 64, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)
Liquid paraffin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Squalene, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cetyl palmitate, by BASF (1 mentions)
Palmitic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Stearic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Oleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Olive oil, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cholesterol, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Linoleic acid, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Tween 80, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Poloxamer 188, by BASF (1 mentions)
Cremophor rh40, by BASF (1 mentions)
9 protocols using whatman grade 1 paper
1
Aflatoxin Analysis of Fig Fruit
2
Methanol Extraction of Plant Compounds
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For the extract preparation, the plant materials were ground in a mechanical grinder after drying at room temperature. Then, 20 g of each sample was mixed with 200 mL of methanol and macerated for 24 h in a shaker at room temperature. The extract was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at 4 °C, and the supernatant was filtered with grade 1 Whatman paper (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, England). The resulting extracts were stored for further assays.
3
Efficient Plant Extract Preparation
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To produce each extract sample, approximately 1 g of dried plant material was packed in a tube and soaked in methanol (10 mL for each gram of material), sonicated for 75 min at 40 °C, then left for 3 h to cool for complete extraction. The methanolic extracts were then filtered through grade-1 Whatman paper, and the filtered solution was concentrated by evaporation to dryness in a vacuum, dissolved in DMSO to a concentration of 100 mg/mL, and stored at 4 °C for future activity testing.
4
Drying and Methanolic Extraction of Leaf Samples
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The leaves were separated from the rest of the plant material and were left to dry at room temperature. Once dry, the leaves were ground in a mechanic grinder to obtain a homogenous powder.
For the extraction, 20 g of each of the samples were weighed out, and 200 mL of methanol was added to each of these 20-g samples. They were left to macerate for 24 h in a shaker at room temperature. Then, the samples were filtered with grade 1 Whatman paper (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, England). The methanol was removed by evaporation at room temperature in a fume hood. The resulting extracts were stored for later analysis.
For the extraction, 20 g of each of the samples were weighed out, and 200 mL of methanol was added to each of these 20-g samples. They were left to macerate for 24 h in a shaker at room temperature. Then, the samples were filtered with grade 1 Whatman paper (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, England). The methanol was removed by evaporation at room temperature in a fume hood. The resulting extracts were stored for later analysis.
5
Quantifying Anthocyanin Content in Plant Tissues
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Sub samples of freeze-dried leaves were mechanically ground in a hammer mill and monomeric anthocyanin measured by the pH-differential method [36 (link)]. About 1.0 g of leaf and 2.5 g of whole grain of brown rice samples were extracted in double deionized water (DDI) at 50 °C for 30 min. The extracted solution was filtered through Whatman grade 1 paper, transferred to volumetric flasks and then adjusted with potassium chloride buffer (pH 1.0) and sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.5). Each dilution was allowed to equilibrate for 15 min. The absorbance of anthocyanin pigment in 2 dilutions was measured at 520 and 700 nm using a spectrophotometer (Biochrom Libra S22, London, UK), against a blank cell filled with distilled water. The anthocyanin pigment concentration in the sample was determined with the following formula:
where A = (A520–A700) pH 1.0 − (A520–A700) pH 4.5; MW, molecular weight of cyanidin-3-glucoside = 449.2 (g/mol), DF = dilution factor; ε, molar absorptivity of the pigment = 26,900 molar extinction coefficient, in L × mol −1 × cm−1 and L = 1 cm for cell path length.
where A = (A520–A700) pH 1.0 − (A520–A700) pH 4.5; MW, molecular weight of cyanidin-3-glucoside = 449.2 (g/mol), DF = dilution factor; ε, molar absorptivity of the pigment = 26,900 molar extinction coefficient, in L × mol −1 × cm−1 and L = 1 cm for cell path length.
6
Paper-based Mass Spectrometry of Estrogens
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The filter paper used in this experiment was Whatman grade 1 paper and was cut into isosceles triangles measuring 5 mm × 13 mm. A spray solvent consisting of 20 μL acetonitrile:H2O = 9:1 was used, and the spray voltage was set to 3.5 kV. The distance between the paper tip and the mass spectrometer cone was approximately 0.5 cm. All three estrogens were detected in positive ion mode with parent ions and daughter ions of 364.2→128.1, 380.2→128.1, and 388.2→128.1, respectively. A collision energy of 65 V was used for all three compounds. Both the gas and sheath temperatures were maintained at 100 °C. Other parameters were automatically optimized by the instrument.
7
Extraction and Lyophilization of S. dasyphyllum Leaves
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The leaves of S. dasyphyllum were air-dried away from direct sunlight after which it was grounded into coarse powder with a mechanical grinder. Two hundred gram (200g) of the dried powdered leave sample was extracted with a mixture of 80% methanol and 20% water in a Soxhlet extractor apparatus for 72 hours. The plant extract was ltered with Whatman grade 1 paper and concentrated on rotary evaporator at reduced pressure. The concentrate was then lyophilized (freeze dried), the yield determined and the crude extract stored in a vial at -20 O C for further studies.
8
Fluorescent Microscopy Sample Preparation
9
Lipid-based Nanoparticle Formulation
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dArb was obtained from Asiavisions, Hongkong, China. Poloxamer 188, Cremophor RH-40, cetyl palmitate, myristyl myristate, dicaprylyl carbonate, and caprylic/capric triglycerides were surfactants and lipids purchased from BASF, Ludwigshaven, Germany. PEG-8-beeswax was purchased from Gattefosse, Paramus, NJ, USA. Whatman paper grade 1 was obtained from Whatman/GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Coconut oil was purchased from Henry Lamotte Oil Gmbh, Bremen Germany. Spermaceti wax and deionized water were obtained from Bratachem, Jakarta, Indonesia. Tween 80, palmitic acid, stearic acid, olive oil, squalene, cholesterol, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and liquid paraffin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MT, USA.
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