Rhcl3

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

RhCl3 is a chemical compound consisting of rhodium and chlorine. It is a reddish-brown crystalline solid that is widely used as a precursor in various industrial and research applications.

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6 protocols using rhcl3

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using PVP

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One-component model solutions were prepared by dissolving in 0.1 M HCl the required amounts of PtCl₄ (96%), PdCl₂ (99.9%), RhCl₃ (99.9%) and RuCl₃ (99.9%) supplied by Sigma Aldrich (Schnelldorf, Germany). Polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP (M_w ≈ 55000, Sigma Aldrich) was used as the stabilizing agent. Sodium borohydride NaBH₄ (>98.0%, Sigma Aldrich), ascorbic acid C₆H₈O₆ (AA, p.a., Chempur, Piekary Śląskie, Poland), sodium formate HCOONa, and formic acid HCOOH (p.a., Sigma Aldrich) were used as reducing agents in the study.
To obtain NPs, scientists proposed the use of PVP as a stabilizing agent. Depending on the synthesis, it can be used as a surface stabilizer, growth modifier, and dispersant for NPs. As a stabilizer, PVP prevents particle aggregation caused by repulsive forces. This is because the polymer contains hydrophobic carbon chains that extend into the solvents and interact with each other as a steric hindrance effect [40 (link),41 (link)].

Rzelewska-Piekut M., Wiecka Z, & Regel-Rosocka M. (2022). Studies on the Formation of Catalytically Active PGM Nanoparticles from Model Solutions as a Basis for the Recycling of Spent Catalysts. Molecules, 27(2), 390.

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Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization

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¹H NMR
spectra in CDCl₃ were recorded with a 400 MHz NMR spectrometer
(JNM-ECZ400,
JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) using tetramethylsilane (δ = 0) as
an internal standard. An ICPS-8100 (Shimadzu Co., Kyoto, Japan) was
used to perform ICP-AES analysis. A JEM 2100F transmission electron
microscope (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used to confirm the size
of metal nanoparticles. The samples were prepared by placing a drop
of the solution on carbon-coated copper grids and allowed to dry in
air. The reaction was performed using HE-20GB (Koike Precision Instruments,
Hyogo, Japan). TSKgel standard PS was purchased from Tosoh Co., Ltd.
(Tokyo, Japan). Pd(OAc)₂, RhCl₃, and PTFE (powder,
1 μm particle size) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (Missouri,
USA).

Ohtaka A., Kawase M., Aihara S., Miyamoto Y., Terada A., Nakamura K., Hamasaka G., Uozumi Y., Shinagawa T., Shimomura O, & Nomura R. (2018). Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)-Stabilized Metal Nanoparticles: Preparation and Evaluation of Catalytic Activity for Suzuki, Heck, and Arene Hydrogenation in Water. ACS Omega, 3(8), 10066-10073.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

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Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP K 30, Povidon 30; Fluka, M = 40,000 g mol⁻¹), sodium borohydride (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥96%, p.a.) trisodium citrate (Acros, anhydrous 98%), tannic acid (Fluka, p.a.), and D-glucose (Baker, p.a.) were all used as obtained. Aqueous solutions of H₂PtCl₆ or HAuCl₄ (prepared by dissolution of platinum or gold in aqua regia), RhCl₃, NaPdCl₄, (both from Sigma-Aldrich), and AgNO₃ (Roth, >99.9% p.a.), were used as metal precursor compounds. Ultrapure water (Purelab ultra instrument from ELGA) was used in all experiments. Before use, all glassware was cleaned with boiling aqua regia.

Rostek A., Breisch M., Pappert K., Loza K., Heggen M., Köller M., Sengstock C, & Epple M. (2018). Comparative biological effects of spherical noble metal nanoparticles (Rh, Pd, Ag, Pt, Au) with 4–8 nm diameter. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 9, 2763-2774.

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Synthesis of Supported PGM Catalysts

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One-component model solutions of compositions similar to that of real leach solutions were prepared by dissolving the required amounts of PtCl₄ (94%, Sigma Aldrich), PdCl₂ (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich), or RhCl₃ (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich) in acidic medium. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (Mw – 40,000, Sigma Aldrich) and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) (> 99.0%, Acros) were used as a stabilizing agent and a reducer, respectively. A portion of 3 M HNO₃ (60%, Acros) was used for Pt, 0.5 M HCl (pure p.a., Chempur, Poland) for Pd, and for Rh the acid mixture was twice diluted with HCl/H₂SO₄/H₂O₂ (HCl and H₂SO₄ – pure p.a., Chempur, Poland, H₂O₂ – ACS reagent, Avantor, Poland). A 5 M NaOH solution (pure p.a., POCH, Poland) was used to adjust the pH during precipitation of Pd and Rh. Commercial TiO₂ (Aeroxide® TiO₂ P25) was used as a support for the preparation of supported PGM catalysts. Stripping solutions obtained according to the method previously reported for the recovery of precious metals from SACs were used as real PGM precursor solutions (Wiecka et al. 2022 (link)).

Wiecka Z., Cota I., Tylkowski B, & Regel-Rosocka M. (2022). Recovery of platinum group metals from spent automotive converters and their conversion into efficient recyclable nanocatalysts. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 30(39), 90168-90179.

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Recycling Printed Circuit Boards for Metal Recovery

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CB (Cabot, Black Pearls 2000, average diameter 10 nm) was used as the conductive additive. The PCB waste was from a discarded computer. The PCB was cut into small pieces using a saw, and then ground into microscale powders by using a hammer grinder (Dade, DF-15). The salt additives were NaCl (J.T. Baker), NaF (Acros Organics), and NaI (Aldrich, 99.5%). The precious metals chlorides were RhCl₃ (Aldrich, 38–40% Rh), PdCl₂ (Aldrich, 99%), AgCl (Allied Chemical), and AuCl₃ (Aldrich, >99.9%). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder was purchased from Runaway Bike. PVC, CPVC, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) plastic tubes from plumbing pipes were used as raw materials. The plastic waste products were cut into small pieces using a saw, and then ground into powders by using a hammer grinder (Dade, DF-15).

Deng B., Luong D.X., Wang Z., Kittrell C., McHugh E.A, & Tour J.M. (2021). Urban mining by flash Joule heating. Nature Communications, 12, 5794.

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Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication

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Urea, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 4000) were purchased from Aladdin. RhCl₃, IrCl₃, CoCl₂, and Nafion solutions were purchased from Aldrich. NADH was purchased from Genview. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 300 U·mg⁻¹) was purchased from Roche. Pt/C (20%) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Deionized (DI) water was used in all our experiments.

Chen J., Ma Q., Zheng X., Fang Y., Wang J, & Dong S. (2022). Kinetically restrained oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide with nearly 100% selectivity. Nature Communications, 13, 2808.

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