X ray tube

Manufactured by Philips

The X-ray tube is a core component used in various medical and industrial imaging applications. Its primary function is to generate X-rays, which are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light. The X-ray tube operates by accelerating electrons towards a metal target, causing the emission of X-rays upon impact.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methylene blue, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Jem 2100 system, by JEOL (1 mentions) Escalab220i xl electron spectrometer, by VG Scientific (1 mentions) Camptothecin, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Parpi, by Selleck Chemicals (1 mentions)

8 protocols using x ray tube

Radiographic Evaluation of Equine Cervical Vertebrae

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For all horses, lateral radiographs of the cervical vertebrae were made from the occiput to the first thoracic vertebra with a ceiling mounted Phillips X‐Ray tube (80 kW). Output parameters varied from 70 kV/25 mAs for the cranial cervical vertebrae to 90 kV/90 mAs for C7‐T1. A CR system (Agfa DXM) was used with a grid. All radiographs were anonymized and evaluated for any abnormalities by a blinded, board‐certified radiologist. Additionally, the intra‐ and intervertebral sagittal diameter ratios of the vertebral canal were measured at each cervical vertebra as described.19 For both ratios, a cutoff value of 0.485 was used to distinguish between a normal and a narrowed vertebral canal indicative for spinal cord compression.19

Rijckaert J., Raes E., Buczinski S., Dumoulin M., Deprez P., Van Ham L., van Loon G, & Pardon B. (2020). Accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation and a Bayesian latent class model for diagnosis of spinal cord dysfunction in horses. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(2), 964-971.

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Comprehensive Characterization of Crystalline Products

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The crystal phases of the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Philips X’pert PRO analyzer (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) equipped with a Cu K_α radiation source (λ = 0.154187 nm) and operated at an X-ray tube (Philips, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) voltage and current of 40 KV and 30 mA, respectively. The morphology of the products was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a JEOL JSM 67OOF system (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a JEM-2100 system (JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) operated at 200 kV. Surface composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using an ESCALab220i-XL electron spectrometer (VG Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with monochromatic Al K_α radiation. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were analyzed using an automatic adsorption system (Autosorb-1, Quantachrome, Boynton Beach, FL, USA) at the temperature of liquid nitrogen.

Shen G., Liu M., Wang Z, & Wang Q. (2018). Hierarchical Structure and Catalytic Activity of Flower-Like CeO2 Spheres Prepared Via a Hydrothermal Method. Nanomaterials, 8(10), 773.

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Combination Therapy for Glioma Cells

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Cells were seeded in 6-cm dishes to be 70% confluent at the time of irradiation. Cells were irradiated with 2 Gy, 4 Gy or 6 Gy and non-treated (Philips X-ray tube; MU15F/225, 225 kV; 10 mA). Directly after irradiation, cells were trypsinized and seeded at densities of 250 or 1000 cells per well for E2 and 500 cells per well for U87 in triplicate in 6-well plates and allowed to adhere for 4 h in complete medium. Then, the medium was replaced with treated medium: DMSO in control group, 10 μM TMZ for E2 cells and 5 μM TMZ for U87 cells for 48 h in TMZ-only treated group and 10 μM RO4929097 in GSI-only treated group. The combination groups were also treated with the same concentrations. RO4929097 was refreshed every 5 days during the experiment. Colonies were counted manually after 2 weeks. The minimum number of cells per colony was 30.

Yahyanejad S., King H., Iglesias V.S., Granton P.V., Barbeau L.M., van Hoof S.J., Groot A.J., Habets R., Prickaerts J., Chalmers A.J., Eekers D.B., Theys J., Short S.C., Verhaegen F, & Vooijs M. (2016). NOTCH blockade combined with radiation therapy and temozolomide prolongs survival of orthotopic glioblastoma. Oncotarget, 7(27), 41251-41264.

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Clonogenic Survival Assay under Hypoxia

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Proliferation was monitored during 2 days by counting cells in an automatic cell counter. For clonogenic survival, cells were counted and seeded on day 0. Cells were placed under 0.2% O₂ the day after for 24 h. Irradiation was performed using a 225 kV Philips X-ray tube on day 2. Subsequently, cells were trypsinized and plated in triplicate for clonogenic survival. Cells were allowed to form colonies for 12 days, fixed and stained with a 0.4% methylene blue (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA) in 70% ethanol solution. Colonies were defined as >50 cells. Data were fitted using the LQ model.

Moreno Roig E., Groot A.J., Yaromina A., Hendrickx T.C., Barbeau L.M., Giuranno L., Dams G., Ient J., Olivo Pimentel V., van Gisbergen M.W., Dubois L.J, & Vooijs M.A. (2019). HIF-1α and HIF-2α Differently Regulate the Radiation Sensitivity of NSCLC Cells. Cells, 8(1), 45.

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X-ray Induced DNA Damage Repair

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X-ray irradiation was performed at 90 kV and 19 mA for all experiments, with a 1 mm aluminium plate serving as a sample holder and a low-energy X-ray filter. The machine used a Philips X-ray tube equipped with a tungsten anode and a thin beryllium window. Irradiation was carried out with consideration of the dose-doubling effect for cells on glass coverslips^{38 (link)}, thereby adjusted irradiation durations were used accordingly. The topoisomerase 1 inhibitor camptothecin (CPT, 20 nM, Sigma-Aldrich) was added to cells for 1 h, these were then washed twice with PBS and fresh media was added back during repair incubation. Olaparib was used to inhibit PARP (PARPi, 1 μM, Selleckchem) and was added to cells for 24 h.

Llorens-Agost M., Ensminger M., Le H.P., Gawai A., Liu J., Cruz-García A., Bhetawal S., Wood R.D., Heyer W.D, & Löbrich M. (2021). POLθ-mediated end-joining is restricted by RAD52 and BRCA2 until the onset of mitosis. Nature cell biology, 23(10), 1095-1104.

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Glioblastoma Combination Therapy Screening

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500 cells/well (U87) or 2000 cells/well (E2) were seeded in 96 well plates and were treated 24 h post-seeding with 5 μM TMZ and/or 10 uM GSI (RO4929097) and/or single dose of 4 Gy RT (Philips X-ray tube; 225 kV; 10 mA). The three treatments were tested as single, double and triple combinations with 6 replicates per condition. 72 h post-treatment TMZ was washed out and GSI was refreshed. Cell confluency was monitored every 2 h using the phase-contrast mode of the IncuCyte^™ FLR (2011A) live-imager. TMZ was diluted in DMSO and stored in 100 mM stock at −80°. GSI was diluted in DMSO and stored in 10 mM stock at −20°.

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Clonogenic Survival Assay for Irradiated Cells

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Proliferation was monitored during 7 days using the IncuCyte FLR after seeding 2500 cells/well. For clonogenic survival analysis, cells were seeded on day 0 and irradiated using a 225kV Philips X-ray tube on day 1. Subsequently, cells were trypsinized and plated in triplicate for clonogenic survival. Cells were allowed to form colonies during 10 days, fixed and stained with a 0.4% methylene blue (Sigma-Aldrich) in 70% ethanol solution. Colonies were defined as >50 cells [18 (link)].

van Gisbergen M.W., Voets A.M., Biemans R., Hoffmann R.F., Drittij-Reijnders M.J., Haenen G.R., Heijink I.H., Rouschop K.M., Dubois L.J, & Lambin P. (2017). Distinct radiation responses after in vitro mtDNA depletion are potentially related to oxidative stress. PLoS ONE, 12(8), e0182508.

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Combination Therapy Effects on H1299 Cells

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H1299 cells were seeded in 96 well Greiner plates (1,000 cells/well) and were incubated with 0.77 μM anticancer compounds 24 h after seeding, as single treatment or in combination with 2 or 4 Gy irradiation (Philips X-ray tube; 225 kV; 10 mA; dose rate of 1 Gy / 1.5 min), delivered 4 h after adding the compound. Where indicated, BMS-906024 (1 μM) was added to the combinations concomitantly with the chemotherapy regimen. Each treatment was assessed using at least 6–12 replicates per condition and was not refreshed throughout the course of the experiment (7 days). Cell confluency was monitored every 2–4 h using the IncuCyte™ FLR 2011A (32 ) in phase-contrast mode.

Sosa Iglesias V., Theys J., Groot A.J., Barbeau L.M., Lemmens A., Yaromina A., Losen M., Houben R., Dubois L, & Vooijs M. (2018). Synergistic Effects of NOTCH/γ-Secretase Inhibition and Standard of Care Treatment Modalities in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Frontiers in Oncology, 8, 460.

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