Dcfh da

Chlorin e6 was purchased from J&K Scientific Ltd. (Beijing, China). Diclofenac, morpholin-4-yl-acetic acid hydrochloride, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3 ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and trimethylamine (TEA) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Bilirubin and N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). mPEG_2k-NH₂ and Fmoc-NH-PEG_2k-NH₂ were purchased from Ponsure Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Cou-6 was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (USA). DiD and DCFH-DA were obtained from Meilunbio (Dalian, China). The annexin V-fluoresceine isothiocyanate (FITC) apoptosis detection kit and calcium-AM were obtained from Yeason (Shanghai, China). Lactate detection kit and lactate dehydrogenase assay kit were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Naijing, China). Anti-HIF-1α antibody, Cy3 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) and Alexa fluor 647 goat anti-rabbit IgG (H + L) secondary antibody were purchased from Abcam (Hongkong, China). Anti-LDHA and anti-CD31 antibody were purchased from Servicebio Company (Wuhan, China). Anti-LDHB and anti-c-MYC antibody were purchased from Proteintech (Wuhan, China). Anti-VEGFα and anti-angiopoietin-2 antibody were purchased from Abclonal Company (Wuhan, China).

Intracellular ROS of INS-1 or NIT-1 cells was detected by a fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) (Meilun Biotech). DCFH-DA is converted by intracellular esterases, which is oxidized into the highly fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the presence of oxidants. The fluorescence was measured by using the microplate reader (SpectraMax M2, Molecular Devices) with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 530 nm.