A total of 20 insecticides that target the VSSC and two synergists were used in this study: acrinathrin (88.7%, Chem Service, West Chester, PA, USA), bioallethrin (3.8% cis, 95.7% trans, Chem Service), bioresmethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), cis‐permethrin (99%, Chem Service), cyfluthrin (98%, Bayer CropScience, Leverkusen, Germany), cyhalothrin (90.2%, ICI Americas, Wilmington, DE, USA), cypermethrin (94.6%, ICI Americas), DDT (1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroethane) (98%, Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), deltamethrin (99.5%, Chem Service), diethyl maleate (DEM) (97%, Sigma‐Aldrich), etofenprox (96.3%, Mitsui Toatsu, Tokyo, Japan), 1R‐trans fenfluthrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), fenpropathrin (99.5%, Chem Service), flumethrin (100%, Bayer CropScience), indoxacarb (DPX‐MP062, 100%), and its bioactive metabolite DCJW, (98%, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA), tau‐fluvalinate (93.8%, Chem Service), permethrin (99.5% pure, 24.1% cis, 75.8% trans, Chem Service), piperonyl butoxide (PBO) (90%, Sigma‐Aldrich), tefluthrin (96%, Sigma‐Aldrich), transfluthrin (99.5%, Chem Service) and trans‐permethrin (99% FMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA). All insecticides were diluted in acetone (VWR, Radnor, PA, USA).
Indoxacarb
Manufactured by DuPont
Sourced in United States
Indoxacarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide developed by DuPont. It is designed to control a variety of insect pests in agricultural and horticultural applications. Indoxacarb acts by inhibiting sodium ion channels, disrupting the insect's nervous system. This product is available in various formulations to meet the needs of different applications.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Chlorantraniliprole, by DuPont (2 mentions)
Chlorpyrifos, by Dow (2 mentions)
Acetone, by Avantor (1 mentions)
Flumethrin, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Bioallethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Bioresmethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Fenpropathrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Tefluthrin, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Transfluthrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Diethyl maleate dem, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Piperonyl butoxide pbo, by Merck Group (1 mentions)
Cis permethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
1r trans fenfluthrin, by Bayer (1 mentions)
Tau fluvalinate, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Permethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Deltamethrin, by Chem Service (1 mentions)
Spinetoram, by Dow (1 mentions)
Whatman no 1 filter paper, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Indoxacarb, by Cytiva (1 mentions)
Fipronil, by BASF (1 mentions)
8 protocols using indoxacarb
1
Insecticide Screening for Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels
2
Spinosad and Insecticide Cross-Resistance Evaluation
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The bioinsecticide spinosad was used in its commercial formulation registered for use in tomato fields against the tomato borer (480 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil) [18] . The insecticides used in the cross-resistance bioassays were (the commercial formulations used are indicated between parentheses): abamectin (18 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), cartap (500 g a.i./Kg, soluble powder, Iharabras, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorantraniliprole (200 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), chlorfenapyr (240 g a.i./L, suspension concentrate, BASF S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil), chlorpyrifos (480 g a.i., emulsifiable concentrate, Dow AgroSciences, Santo Amaro, SP, Brazil), indoxacarb (300 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, DuPont Brazil, Paulínia, SP, Brazil), permethrin (384 g a.i./L, emulsifiable concentrate, FMC Química do Brazil, Campinas, SP, Brazil), spinetoram (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Dow AgroSciences, Franco da Rocha, SP, Brazil), and thiamethoxam (250 g a.i./Kg, water dispersible granule, Syngenta Proteção de Cultivos, São Paulo, SP, Brazil). The synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO-90%) and S,S,S – Tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF-98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, EUA).
3
Insecticidal Efficacy of Essential Oil Nanoparticles
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All the experiments were conducted at the Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment of the University of Catania (Italy) under controlled environmental conditions in growth chambers (25 ± 2 °C, 60 ± 10% RH, 14:10 L:D). The EO and EO-NP solutions were prepared using an agitator for 15 minutes at 300 rpm for mixing: (i) the EOs or the EO-NPs at five different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg × mL−1), (ii) the same proportion of TWEEN 80 as emulsifier, and (iii) water.
The commercial insecticide indoxacarb (Steward®, DuPont™) was used as a positive control, because of its known efficacy in controlling the target pest. It was applied at the highest application rate recommended for tomato crops (12.5 g/hL). Water and TWEEN 80 + water were used as untreated controls. In preliminary trials, PEG particles alone were tested and no difference with the negative controls (both for insects and plants) were highlighted (data not shown). Therefore, this treatment was not included in the data analysis. Five replications per treatment were performed. The pest control efficacy of the tested compounds was evaluated by contact on eggs and larvae, and by ingestion on larvae.
The commercial insecticide indoxacarb (Steward®, DuPont™) was used as a positive control, because of its known efficacy in controlling the target pest. It was applied at the highest application rate recommended for tomato crops (12.5 g/hL). Water and TWEEN 80 + water were used as untreated controls. In preliminary trials, PEG particles alone were tested and no difference with the negative controls (both for insects and plants) were highlighted (data not shown). Therefore, this treatment was not included in the data analysis. Five replications per treatment were performed. The pest control efficacy of the tested compounds was evaluated by contact on eggs and larvae, and by ingestion on larvae.
4
Insecticide Efficacy on Termites
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Insecticides used were indoxacarb (15% a.i., DuPont, Wilmington, DE) and fipronil (9.1% a.i., BASF Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC). Calculated amounts of an indoxacarb solution (ca. 1.0 mL) were applied uniformly to Whatman No. 1 filter paper (Whatman International Ltd., Maidstone, UK) placed in glass Petri dishes to obtain 50, 75, and 100 ppm indoxacarb-treated filter paper. The procedure was repeated for fipronil to obtain 0.5, 1, and 5 ppm fipronil-treated filter paper. The same stock insecticide solutions were used to treat the filter paper used against both termite species at all temperatures. Filter paper treated with distilled water was used as control treatment. Treated papers were air-dried in a laboratory hood for 24 h at about 23 °C and moistened with 0.4 mL of distilled water immediately before the introduction of termites.
5
Quantification of Insecticide Biomarkers
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Indoxacarb (95%) was provided by DuPont Company (Wilmington, DE, USA). Methoxyfenozide (98.2%) was obtained from Dow Agro Sciences (Zionsville, IN, USA). Indoxacarb (99.6%) and DCJW (99%) were kindly provided by Fugen Li. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-grade acetonitrile was purchased from Merck Co., Rahway, NJ, USA. Analytical-grade ammonium acetate, ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from Beijing Chemical Reagents Co., Beijing, China. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), Coomassie brilliant blue G-250, α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (CDNB), glutathione (GSH), and dithionitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Corporation (St. Louis, MO, USA). Insect multifunction oxidase ELISA kit was purchased from Huabaitai Biotechnology Corporation (Beijing, China).
6
Insecticide Toxicity Screening in Triatomine Bugs
7
Efficacy of Insecticides against S. exigua
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Nine insecticides were selected because of their use for control of S. exigua: emamectin benzoate (90%; Nanjing Redsun, China); spinosad (90%; Dow AgroSciences, China); indoxacarb (94%; DuPont, China); chlorpyrifos (97%; Dow AgroSciences, China); alpha-cypermethrin (99%; Shandong Dacheng Pesticide, China); tebufenozide (95%; Dow AgroSciences, China); chlorfenapyr (94.5%; BASF Aktiengesellschaft, China); chlorantraniliprole (95.3%; DuPont, China); methomyl (98%; Jiangsu Changlong Chemicals, China).
8
Wheat Grain Bioassay with Insecticides
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Clean and infestation free wheat grains (var. Seher-06) were used in the present study. The grains were surface sterilized with a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 min and washed with sterile distilled water before starting the experiments. The insecticide formulations were spinosad (Tracer® 24% active ingredients [IA]; Arysta Life Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan), thiamethoxam (Actara® 25% [AI]; Syngenta, Pakistan), imidacloprid (Confidor® 20% [AI]; Bayer Crop Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan) and indoxacarb (Steward 15%, DuPont, Pakistan). The Aspergillus parasiticus culture was obtained from the First Fungus Culture Bank, Pakistan (FFCB), and used in bioassays.
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