Lactobionic acid

Chitosan (Chitosan LL, deacetylation: 80%, weight average molecular weight: 50–100 kDa) was purchased from Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry (Shizuoka, Japan). Lactobionic acid, N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), and SPS were purchased from Wako (Tokyo, Japan). Ru(bpy)₃·Cl₂·6H₂O, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (HPP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States of America (USA)), Peptide Institute (Osaka, Japan), and Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Yatalase, with complex lytic activities of fungal cell, mainly consisting of chitinase and chitobiase activities, from Corynebacterium sp. OZ-21, was obtained from Takara Bio (Shiga, Japan). Escherichia coli OP50 was cultured in LB medium containing 0.5%(w/v) NaCl, 1%(w/v) bacto tryptone (Becton Dickinson and Company, Flanklin Lakes, NJ, USA) and bacto yeast extract (Becton Dickinson and Company). For culturing E. coli on an agar plate, LB medium containing 1.5%(w/v) agar was used. Staphylococcus aureus was extracted from facial skin as described in the literature [25 (link)] and cultured in BHI medium containing 3.5%(w/v) brain heart infusion (Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan). For culturing S. aureus on an agar plate, BHI medium containing 1.5%(w/v) agar was used.