Veleta 2 k 2 k ccd side mount camera

Symptoms on plant leaves inoculated with sap or infectious clone were photographed using a Nikon D3400 digital camera equipped with a Nikkor 18–55 mm zoom lens. Electron microscope images were obtained using a Veleta (2 k × 2 k) CCD side mount camera (EMSIS, Münster, Germany). Adobe^® Photoshop 2022 (San Jose, CA, USA) was used to compile images (San Jose, CA, USA).

10 μL-drops of virion extracts were placed on the 400 mesh copper grids (Formvar/Carbon Square Mesh, UB, Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA, USA) for negative contrast electron microscopy. After 5 min incubation, the virion solution on each grid was removed using filter paper. The grids were stained using 1% uranyl acetate dissolved in distilled water for 30 s followed by drying in the air. Images were taken using Hitachi H-7000 transmission electron microscope (TEM, Hitachi High-Technologies, Schaumburg, IL, USA) equipped with a Veleta (2k × 2k) CCD side mount camera (EMSIS, Munster, Germany) at 100 kV. The length of virions was measured using Image J software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij) directly from the images taken. For each mutant virus, over 100 flexuous virions were measured and up to 10 longest virions were selected to calculate the mean value.