Sulfo nhs

Low-acyl gellan gum (GG, Macklin, Shanghai, China, 1%) was dissolved in a 50 mM 2-(N-Morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid hydrate (MES) buffer and stirred at 90 °C for 2 h. Then, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC, Macklin) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS, Macklin) were added in GG solution and stirred at 60 °C for 30 min. The 6-(6-aminohexyl) amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (CD, Macklin) was added to the GG solution and underwent the carbodiimide reaction at 60 °C overnight. The product was dialyzed in ddH₂O for 3 days and then lyophilized for 48 h. In order to manufacture the GG-CD@ARC carrier, 1 mg/mL of arctiin was dissolved in 1% GG-CD solution at 60 °C for 2 h.

The single side polished p-type silicon wafers
(1–10 Ω̇cm resistivity) were purchased from Hefei
Kejing Materials Technology Co. Ltd., China. The BSA was obtained
from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. Ltd., China. Sulfo-NHS and EDC
were bought from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd., China. Rhodamine
110 chloride was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Reagent Co.
Ltd., USA. The primary antibodies used were anti-STAT1-α, anti-NF-κB,
anti-C-JUN, anti-IRF5 purchased from Abcam, U.K. Goat anti-rabbit
IgG(H&L)-HRP and anti-tubulin-β were purchased from Bioworld,
China. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), MTT,
JC-1, DAPI, LysoTracker red probes, and MitoTracker organelle probes
were all obtained from KeyGEN Biotechnology Co. Ltd., China. Defactinib
(an inhibitor of IRF5), JSH-23 (an inhibitor of NF-κB), and
SP600125 (an inhibitor of AP-1) were obtained from MedChemExpress,
USA. Deionized (DI) water (≥18 MΩ̇cm resistivity,
Millipore) was used in the experiments.