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67 protocols using nfatc1

1

Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis

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Total protein was extracted from BMMs and C3H10 cells and from the bones of mice used in the OVX experiment using a radioimmunoprecipitation assay lysis buffer (RIPA) (Sigma-Aldrich), and the protein concentration was measured using a bicinchoninic acid protein (BCA) assay kit (EMD Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Protein equivalents were separated using 10% SDS PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membranes (EMD Millipore). The membranes were blocked for an hour at room temperature with 5% skim milk in Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20. After incubating primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, the membranes were nurtured with corresponding HRP conjugated secondary antibodies (Proteintech Group, Chicago, IL, USA.) The bands were visualized employing ECL Luminous Liquid (EMD Millipore). ImageJ software was used to compute the relative grey level of proteins (NIH). Anti-TRAIL was procured from Santa Cruz Bio (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Anti-CTSK, TRAP, NFATc1, OPG, RUNX2, OCN, RANKL, COL1a, p-P65, P65, p-P38, P38, p-JNK, JNK, p-ERK, ERK, p-IKBα, IKBα, IKKα, IKKβ, and p-IKKα/β were all purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA).
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2

Osteoclastogenesis Regulation by Stachydrine

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Stachydrine (purity, ≥98%) and SC79 (purity, ≥97%) were purchased from Selleck Chemicals. Alpha modification of Eagle's medium (α‐MEM), penicillin/streptomycin and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco‐BRL. Recombinant mouse M‐CSF and RANKL were purchased from R&D Systems. Primary antibodies against TAK1 (#5206), phosphorylated TAK1 (p‐TAK1) (#4508), IκBα (#4814), phosphorylated IκBα (p‐IκBα) (#2859), p65 (#8242), phosphorylated p65 (p‐p65) (#3033), IκB kinase β (IKKβ) (#8943), phosphorylated IKKα/β (p‐IKKα/β) (#2697), p38 (#9212), phosphorylated p38 (p‐p38) (#4511), ERK (#4695), phosphorylated ERK (p‐ERK) (#4370), JNK (#9252), phosphorylated JNK (p‐JNK) (#4668), phosphorylated Akt (p‐Akt) (#2965), Akt (#4685), phosphorylated GSK3β (p‐GSK3β) (#9323), GSK3β (#9315), NFATc1 (#8032), PCNA (#13110) and β‐tubulin (#2146) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology. Primary antibodies against c‐Fos (ab208942), NFATc1 (ab2796) and CTSK (ab37259) were obtained from Abcam. Primary antibody against TRAP (sc‐376875) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology and against active p65 (MAB3026) was obtained from Millipore. Cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technology. TRAP staining kit, DMSO, SC‐514 and other reagents were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich, unless otherwise indicated.
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3

Whole Cell Protein Extraction and Western Blotting

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For whole cell protein extracts, cells were collected and lysed with RIPA buffer (Boston Bioproducts, Ashland, MA). Protein was quantitated using the BCA assay (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Lysates were electrophoretically separated using 12% Tris HCl gels (Biorad, Hercules, CA) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Western blotting was performed using antibodies specific for the following proteins: pSTAT5, STAT5, pAkt, Akt, p56lck, phosphor-p56lck, pErk1/2, Erk1/2, pFoxO1/FoxO3a, FoxO1, GATA-1 (all from Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, MA), NFATc1, goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, and goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP. Average densitometric ratio was calculated for each blot by normalizing to an actin loading control using Image J software.
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4

Nardosinone Modulates Osteoclastogenesis

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Nardosinone (Figure 1A), purchased from Must Biotechnology (Chengdu, China), was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Alpha modification of Eagle’s minimum essential medium (α-MEM), fetal bovine serum (FBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were purchased from Gibco BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, United States). Recombinant murine M-CSF and RANKL were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, United States). Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining solution, Triton X-100, and 4′,6-diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, United States). FITC phalloidin was obtained from Yeasen biotech Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). Primary antibodies targeting GAPDH, IκBα, phospho-Akt, Akt, phospho-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, phospho-JNK1/2, JNK1/2, phospho-p38, p38, phosphor-PLCγ2, PLCγ2, c-Fos and NFATc1 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, United States). Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) cellular ROS detection assay kits were obtained from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Jiangsu, China). LPS from P. gingivalis was purchased from InvivoGen (San Diego, CA, United States).
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5

Western Blot Analysis of Cellular Proteins

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The total protein in cells was isolated at various times. Then, the protein concentration of the lysates was measured using a BCA protein assay kit (Pierce, IL, USA). After heating in boiled water for 10 min in sample buffer (Bio-Rad, USA), equal aliquots of protein (15 mg) were fractionated by 10% SDS–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels (Invitrogen, CA, USA), transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes, and blocked for 1 hour in 1× TBS-T (tris-buffered saline with Tween 20) with 1% bovine serum albumin. After washing three times, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against ERK, p-ERK, p38, p-p38, Akt, p-Akt, RANKL, OPG, NFATc1, c-fos, and β-actin (Cell Signaling, MA, USA) overnight and then incubated with a horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibody (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) at 37°C for 1 hour. A ChemiDoc XRS+ image system with Image Lab software (Bio-Rad, USA) was used to visualize the protein bands, and the protein expression levels were normalized against the level of β-actin for each sample.
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6

Osteoclast Differentiation Protocol

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α‐Minimum essential medium (α‐MEM) and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Soluble recombinant mouse macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and recombinant mouse RANKL were obtained from R&D Systems, Inc. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) was obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich and Merck KGaA. High purity Ti particles (average diameter. 1‐5 µm) were obtained from Johnson Matthey (cat. no., 00681). The antibodies (GAPDH, NFkB, C‐FOS, NFATc1, p‐p38,) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐10, Arg‐1, iNOS) were purchased from R&D Systems, Inc Flow cytometry anti‐mouse CD16/32‐PE (cat. no.553145) and anti‐mouse CD206‐Alexa 647 (cat. no.565250) were purchased from BioLegend Inc The p38α/β MAPK inhibitor (SB202190) was purchased from Selleck.
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7

Western Blot Analysis of NFAT Proteins

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Western blotting was performed as described previously [67 (link)]. We used the following primary antibodies for our study: NFATc1 (8032S; Cell Signaling Tech), NFATc2 (sc-7296; Santa Cruz Biotech), NFATc3 (sc-8405; Santa Cruz Biotech), NFATc4 (sc-13036; Santa Cruz Biotech), C-MYC (sc-40; Santa Cruz Biotech), α-tubulin (T9026; Sigma), GAPDH (FL-335; Santa Cruz Biotech), and DDK (TA50011-100; OriGene).
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8

Western Blotting of Cell Signaling Proteins

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Standard protocols were followed for Western blotting assays (24 (link), 27 ). The primary antibodies used were pAkt, Akt, pGSK3β, GSK3β, NFATc1, cyclin D1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) and EF1α (Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Appropriate secondary antibodies were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. St. Louis, MO, USA).
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9

Quantitative PCR and Western Blot Analysis

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An RNeasy Plus kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA), a high capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and a Power SYBR Green PCR master mix kit (Applied Biosystems) were employed with listed PCR primers (Table 1). For detecting GFP-labeled 4T1.2 cells in the right femur, total DNA was isolated with QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen) for qPCR.
For Western blotting, cells were lysed by a radio-immunoprecipitation assay buffer (Santa Cruz). Proteins were fractionated by 10-15% SDS gels and electro-transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). Antibodies against ATF4, caspase 3, cathepsin K, eIF2α, p-eIF2α (Ser51), LC3A/B II, NFATc1, Chk1, p-Chk1 (Ser296) (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA, USA), TRAP (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), and β-actin (Sigma) were utilized.
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10

Osteoclastogenesis Regulation by Signaling Pathways

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The alpha modification of Eagle’s medium (α-MEM), penicillin/streptomycin, and foetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco-BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The cell counting kit (CCK-8) was obtained from Dojindo Molecular Technology (Kumamoto, Japan). Recombinant mouse M-CSF and mouse RANKL were obtained from R&D (Minneapolis, MN, USA), and LY was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). Specific antibodies against ERK, JNK, P38, IκB-α, phospho-ERK (Thr202/Tyr204), phospho-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185), phospho-p38 (Thr180/Tyr182), MEK1/2, MKK6, MKK7, TAK1, phospho-MEK1/2, phospho-MKK6, phospho-MKK7, phospho-TAK1, NFATc1, and β-actin were obtained from Cell Signalling Technology (Cambridge, MA, USA). The TRAP staining kit, and all other reagents, were purchased from Sigma Aldrich unless otherwise stated.
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