Blood samples were collected from the antecubital vein and the serum was separated by centrifugation at 2.225 g for 15 min at room temperature (Sigma 2–3, Sigma Laborzentrifuzen, OsterodeamHarz, Germany). Blood glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method (Cobas Mira Plus, Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Montclair, NJ, USA), and insulin was measured by electrochemiluminescence (Modular Analytics, E170, Roche Diagnostics, GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).
Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglycerides were determined by an enzymatic colorimetric method (Cobas Mira Plus, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Montclair, NJ, USA). The atherogenic index was calculated as the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio [29 (link)].