Laquatwin

Manufactured by Horiba

Sourced in Japan, United States

The LAQUAtwin is a compact, handheld water quality meter developed by Horiba. It is designed to measure various water parameters such as pH, conductivity, and ion concentration. The LAQUAtwin provides accurate, on-site measurements with a simple and user-friendly interface.

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Spelling variants of this product

LAQUAtwin-EC-33 (7 citations) LaquaTwin compact pH meter (6 citations) LAQUAtwin pH-11 (4 citations) LAQUAtwin EC-22 (3 citations) LAQUAtwin B-711 (2 citations) LAQUAtwin-pH-33B (2 citations) Laquatwin pH meter (2 citations) LAQUAtwin compact conductivity meter (2 citations) LAQUAtwin B-722 (2 citations) LAQUAtwin Na+ meter (2 citations)

30 protocols using laquatwin

Salivary Response to Exercise

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Paraffin-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected before, and right (0 min), 30 min and 60 min after the exercise to measure the salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity. Saliva production was stimulated by chewing a piece of unflavored paraffin wax for 3 min and 30 s. After 30 s of pre-stimulation, whole saliva samples were collected in a container for 3 min. The volume of stimulated whole saliva samples was then measured. Whole saliva samples were collected before, during and after exercise. Salivary pH and buffering capacity were measured using a hand-held pH meter (LAQUAtwin, Horiba Ltd., Kyoto, Japan; Fig. 3). Calibration of the pH meter was done for each participant and each test using Fig. 2 The ergometer, Aerobike Ai. This is the ergometer (Aerobike Ai, Combi Wellness Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) that was used in this study.
Fig. 3 The hand-held pH meter, LAQUAtwin. A hand-held pH meter (LAQUAtwin, Horiba Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used in this study.

Tanabe-Ikegawa M., Takahashi T., Churei H., Mitsuyama A, & Ueno T. (2018). Interactive effect of rehydration with diluted sports drink and water gargling on salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity during ergometer exercise in young adult volunteers. Journal of oral science, 60(2).

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Evaluating CMC Conversion into VFAs and Gases

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To evaluate the rate of CMC conversion into VFAs and gases, TS, which included the total suspended solids and total dissolved solids, was measured after drying the rumen samples at 105°C (APHA, 2012 ). Next, reducing sugars (i.e., oligo- and mono-saccharides), VFAs (i.e., acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid), and gas production (i.e., CH₄ and CO₂) were measured as described previously (Takizawa et al., 2018 (link), 2019 (link)) to evaluate the metabolic production from CMC. Briefly, the gas concentration (CH₄ and CO₂) was measured by gas chromatography (GC-8A; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Liquid samples to be used for the analysis of VFAs and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) were filtered using a cellulose acetate membrane filter (0.45 μm pore diameter). The VFA concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan) using an ion-exchange column (RSpak KC-811; Shodex, Tokyo, Japan) and an ultraviolet detector (870-UV; JASCO). The dissolved COD, which indicates the dissolved organic compounds such as saccharides and VFAs, was determined using a colorimetric method with 0–1500 mg L^–1 vials (Hach, Loveland, CO, United States). Reducing sugars were determined using the Somogyi–Nelson method (Nelson, 1944 ; Somogyi, 1945 ) on a UV–VIS spectrophotometer (Shimadzu). The pH was measured with a pH meter (LAQUAtwin; HORIBA, Kyoto, Japan).

Takizawa S., Asano R., Fukuda Y., Feng M., Baba Y., Abe K., Tada C, & Nakai Y. (2020). Change of Endoglucanase Activity and Rumen Microbial Community During Biodegradation of Cellulose Using Rumen Microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 603818.

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Intestinal Contents Characterization

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Luminal contents from the cecum, proximal and distal large intestine were collected as previously described^{67 (link)}. Briefly, the intestinal tract was removed after application of anaesthesia. The cecum and large intestine were washed in 300 mM mannitol and each segment was opened and the luminal contents were collected in pre-weighed and pre-dried tubes. The tubes were then weighed again and set to dry in a drying oven at 80 °C for 24 h. After drying the tubes were measured again and the water percentage was calculated. Then set amounts of deionized water were added to the tubes and the dried luminal contents were heated for 2 h at 80 °C and mashed with a spoon to break down the solid material. After heating the dissolved luminal contents were centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 RPM. The liquid phase was then collected and put into fresh tubes. Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations were analyzed using electrodes (LAQUAtwin; Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). Cl⁻ concentration was assessed by a Cl⁻ electrode (Radiometer PHM250 Ion Analyzer, Villeurbanne, France).

Hempstock W., Nagata N., Ishizuka N, & Hayashi H. (2023). The effect of claudin-15 deletion on cationic selectivity and transport in paracellular pathways of the cecum and large intestine. Scientific Reports, 13, 6799.

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Dielectric Characterization of Human RBCs

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Healthy RBCs (h-RBCs) were from stock solution of blood type A+ human RBCs from Valley Biomedical (Winchester, VA) and suspended in RPMI 1640 HEPES (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), supplemented with 0.5% Albumax II Lipid-Rich BSA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 50mg/L hypoxanthine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) for storage and diluted as needed (1.13 × 10⁸ cells/mL). The f-RBCs were prepared by washing diluted h-RBCs in 1X PBS three times and resuspending the packed cells in 1 mL of 1X PBS mixed with 20μL of glutaraldehyde, followed by incubation at room temperature for an hour for the membrane fixation process. The h-RBCs and f-RBCs were washed three times and resuspended in the DEP buffer, composed of: 8% sucrose, 1% BSA, and 1X PBS that is adjusted to conductivity levels of 280 μs/cm, 450 μs/cm, 570 μs/cm, 720 μs/cm, based on three independent measurements with a conductivity meter (LAQUAtwin, Horiba).

Huang X., Torres-Castro K., Varhue W., Salahi A., Rasin A., Honrado C., Brown A., Guler J, & Swami N.S. (2021). Self-aligned sequential lateral field non-uniformities over channel depth for high throughput dielectrophoretic cell deflection. Lab on a chip, 21(5), 835-843.

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Anion-exchange Purification of Extracellular Vesicles

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Anion‐exchange column chromatography was performed using DEAE‐Sepharose Fast Flow (GE Healthcare). A DEAE‐sepharose column (10 ml for EVs from 500‐ml culture supernatant, and 50 ml for EVs from 4‐L culture supernatant) was equilibrated with 10 mM Tris‐HCl (pH7.4) containing 0.15 M NaCl (TBS). The EV‐containing PBS solutions concentrated with MWCO 750 kDa UC was loaded into the column and washed with TBS (over five column volumes). EVs bound with DEAE‐sepharose were eluted using a NaCl linear gradient (0.15 M to 0.8 M NaCl) or stepwise method (0.3 M and 0.5 M NaCl), and fractionated at each 3.5 ml. The electrical conductivity of each fraction was then measured using LAQUAtwin (Horiba Scientific) to calculate the exact NaCl concentration, and immediately returned to the saline concentration (0.15 M) with 10 mM Tris‐HCl (pH7.4).

Seo N., Nakamura J., Kaneda T., Tateno H., Shimoda A., Ichiki T., Furukawa K., Hirabayashi J., Akiyoshi K, & Shiku H. (2022). Distinguishing functional exosomes and other extracellular vesicles as a nucleic acid cargo by the anion‐exchange method. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 11(3), e12205.

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Quantifying Cell Death in Eggplant Leaves

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The severity of cell death in HR induction was quantified by the degree of electrolyte leakage from eggplant leaves. Leaf disks (8 mm in diameter) were collected from individual plants and immersed in 1 ml of water for 2 h at room temperature with gentle shaking, as previously described (Nakano et al., 2021 (link)). The ion conductivity of the water was measured using a conductivity meter (LAQUAtwin, Horiba, Kyoto, Japan).

Laili N., Mukaihara T., Matsui H., Yamamoto M., Noutoshi Y., Toyoda K, & Ichinose Y. (2021). Role of Trehalose Synthesis in Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis PW1001 in Inducing Hypersensitive Response on Eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). The Plant Pathology Journal, 37(6), 566-579.

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Salt-affected Meadow Plant Sampling

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Field measurements and sampling were performed in a salt-affected wet meadow near Lake Liepajas (Natura 2000 birds and habitats directives site “Liepajas ezers” LV0507500). Three plots with coexisting genets of T. fragiferum and T. repens were selected approximately 200 m from a coastline within a diameter of 50 m (56°29′37″ N, 21°01′40″ E). Soil salinity was measured as electrical conductivity (EC) at each plot in triplicate using an HH2 moisture meter equipped with a WET-2 sensor (Delta-T Devices, Burwell, UK). Lake water EC, Na⁺, and K⁺ concentrations were measured in triplicate using LAQUAtwin (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan) compact meters B-771, B-722, and B-731, respectively. Small tissue samples consisting of randomly selected plant parts (stolons, leaf petioles, leaves, flower stalks, flowers) of both species were collected at each plot. The samples were taken to the laboratory, dried in an oven at 60 °C for 72 h, and used for the analysis of Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations as described further (2.5).

Dūmiņš K., Andersone-Ozola U., Samsone I., Elferts D, & Ievinsh G. (2021). Growth and Physiological Performance of a Coastal Species Trifolium fragiferum as Affected by a Coexistence with Trifolium repens, NaCl Treatment and Inoculation with Rhizobia. Plants, 10(10), 2196.

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Urine and Stool Analysis for Metabolic Assessment

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Urine and stool samples collected from the metabolic cage experiment were weighed and stool samples were dried for 24 h in a drying oven at 80 °C. Urine Na⁺ and K⁺ were analyzed by pipetting 50 µL undiluted urine onto a Na⁺ or K⁺ electrode (LAQUAtwin; Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). Fresh stool (1–3 pieces) collected directly from the mice was weighed, dried for 24 h at 80 °C in a drying oven, and weighed again. The amount of water in the stool was calculated by subtracting the dried weight from the wet weight. The dried stool was then dissolved in 500 µL deionized water. To dissolve it completely into water, the samples were heated in a heat block for 1–2 h at 80 °C, and then ground with spatula and mixed by vortexing. Samples were then centrifuged for 10 min at 12,000 rpm and the supernatant was collected for Na⁺ and K⁺ analysis. Fresh urine was also isolated directly from the bladder under anaesthesia with a mixture of three drugs by intraperitoneal injection (10 µL/g body weight) consisting of medetomidine (30 µg/mL; Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo, Fukushima, Japan), midazolam (0.4 mg/mL; Teva Pharma, Nagoya, Japan), and butorphanol (0.5 mg/mL; Meiji Seika, Tokyo, Japan). Urine samples were analyzed for osmolality (Osmostat OM-6040, Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Na⁺ and K⁺ concentrations.

Hempstock W., Sugioka S., Ishizuka N., Sugawara T., Furuse M, & Hayashi H. (2020). Angulin-2/ILDR1, a tricellular tight junction protein, does not affect water transport in the mouse large intestine. Scientific Reports, 10, 10374.

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Evaluating Dairy Cow Colostrum and Milk Yield

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After calving, colostrum yield (the first time milking after calving) was recorded. The total protein (TP) of colostrum was tested by the PAL-1 type digital Brix refractometer (ATAGO, Bellevue, WA, USA) and pH was analyzed by a portable pH meter (LAQUA twin, Horiba Scientific, Edison, NJ, USA). Cows were milked thrice daily. Milk yield of each cow was collected on day 15 and every 15th day of the month thereafter, post-calving and averaged as the daily milk yield. Subsequently, milk samples were collected from three time milking points and then mixed (4:3:3, composite from each daily milking) for the analysis of milk composition (Dairy Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Beijing, China) such as fat, protein, lactose, and urea nitrogen using a Combi Foss FT+ instrument (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark). Somatic cell counts (SCC) were analyzed by a Fossomatic 5000 apparatus (Foss Electric, Denmark). Fat-corrected milk yield (FCM) was calculated using the equation: 0.432×milk yield (kg/d)+16.23×milk fat yield (kg/d); and the energy corrected milk yield (ECM) was calculated based on the following equation: 0.327×milk yield (kg/d)+12.95× milk fat yield (kg/d)+7.2×milk protein yield (kg/d).

Jiang M., Alugongo G.M., Xiao J., Li C., Ma Y., Li T., Cao Z, & Liu D. (2020). Periparturient stocking density affects lying and ruminating behavior and one-week-calf performance of Holstein cows. Animal Bioscience, 34(4), 759-769.

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Milk Sodium-Potassium Ratio for Subclinical Mastitis

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For milk samples with sufficient volume (33 of 37), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) concentrations were quantified in 200 μL of milk using LAQUAtwin ion selective meters (Na-11 and K-11, respectively; Horiba Ltd., Kyoto). Prior to use, each meter was conditioned and calibrated according to vender specifications. After each measurement, meters were rinsed with Nanopure water, wiped dry, and allowed to reach zero. A Na to K ratio (Na/K) >0.6 was interpreted to indicate subclinical mastitis.^{29 (link),30 (link)}

Pace R.M., Williams J.E., Järvinen K.M., Belfort M.B., Pace C.D., Lackey K.A., Gogel A.C., Nguyen-Contant P., Kanagaiah P., Fitzgerald T., Ferri R., Young B., Rosen-Carole C., Diaz N., Meehan C.L., Caffe B., Sangster M.Y., Topham D., McGuire M.A., Seppo A, & McGuire M.K. (2020). COVID-19 and human milk: SARS-CoV-2, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity. medRxiv.

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