Distilled water

Manufactured by Fujifilm

Sourced in Japan

Distilled water is a purified form of water that has had impurities and minerals removed through a distillation process. It is a laboratory-grade water that is free of contaminants and commonly used for various scientific and technical applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

12 protocols using distilled water

Metabolite Profiling by GC-MS

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The freeze-dried sample was crushed using a ball mill for 5 min at 20 Hz before extraction to increase the extraction efficiency. Afterwards, 5 mg of each sample was extracted with 1 mL extraction solvent, which consisted of methanol/water/chloroform (2.5∶1∶1). 60 µL ribitol (0.2 mg/mL) was added subsequently as internal standard. After centrifugation at 16,000×g for 3 min at 4°C, 900 µL of the supernatant was transferred to a 1.5 mL micro tube and mixed with 400 µL distilled water (Wako). After repeating centrifugation, 400 µL of the polar phase was transferred into a fresh 1.5 mL microfuge tube with a screw cap. Then, the solvent was removed using a centrifugal concentrator (VCe36S, Taitec Co., Tokyo, Japan) for 2 hours and sample was subsequently freeze-dried overnight.
Derivatization of the samples was done by oximation using methoxyamine hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in pyridine (50 µL, 10 mg/mL) at 30°C for 90 min, followed by silylation using 25 µL of N-methyl-N- (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) (GL Sciences, Tokyo, Japan) at 37°C for 30 min. Three samples at the same time point were analyzed (n = 3) and each of them was collected independently from different set of parents at the same conditions.

An P.N., Yamaguchi M., Bamba T, & Fukusaki E. (2014). Metabolome Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster during Embryogenesis. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e99519.

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Generation and Characterization of Oxygen-Enriched UFBs

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The same UFB generator described above was used to generate O₂ UFBs with the aid of the IDEC Corporation. Distilled water (FUJIFILM Wako chemicals, Osaka, Japan) was poured into the water tank and pure O₂ was supplied from a gas inlet during the operation of the UFB generator, for about 1 h, to generate O₂ UFBs. After O₂ UFB water was poured into glass bottles and sealed without headspace, it was stored for 20 d at 4 °C. Then, it was concentrated using vaporization under reduced pressure to reach about 1/200 of the initial volume, according to the procedure described in the patent [26 ]. Foreign matter was then filtered out from the concentrated O₂ UFB water using a polycarbonate membrane with a filtration accuracy of 0.20 μm (K020A025A, Advantec Toyo Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). After filtration, a high concentration of O₂ UFB water (O₂ UFB water has been used herein) was poured into 4 vials with volumes of 3 mL and sealed without headspace. They were then stored for another 10 d at 4 °C before ESR measurements were conducted.

Oshita S., Boerzhijin S., Kameya H., Yoshimura M, & Sotome I. (2023). Promotion Effects of Ultrafine Bubbles/Nanobubbles on Seed Germination. Nanomaterials, 13(10), 1677.

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Methylene Blue Redox Titration

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Methylene blue (C₁₆H₁₈N₃SCl),
sodium chloride (NaCl, 99.5%), potassium
iodide (KI, 99.5%), sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na₂S₂SO₃•5H₂O), starch (product
no.191-03985), and distilled water (product no. 049-16787) were purchased
from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan. Argon (purity
>99.99%) was purchased from Sogo Kariya Sanso, Inc., Nagoya, Japan.
All chemicals used in this study were used as received without further
purification.

Zhu W., W.a.h.y.u.d.i.o.n.o., Kanda H, & Goto M. (2022). Gas/Liquid Pulsed Discharge Plasma in a Slug Flow Reactor under Pressurized Argon for Dye Decomposition. ACS Omega, 7(15), 12993-12999.

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Contact Angle and Surface Energy Measurement

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Contact angle measurements were performed by the sessile drop method. Two testing liquids, distilled water and formamide (98.5% purity, FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) with well-known polar and dispersive components of surface energy were used. Drops of testing liquid (5.0 μL) were deposited from a micro syringe onto the specimen surfaces at 20 ± 1 °C. Each contact angle was acquired from images captured by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera when observable motion had ceased. The polar and dispersive components of surface energies of the modified specimens were calculated from the experimental value using method described by Jha et al. [22 (link)]. Three measurements on each specimen were done separately.

Okawa S., Taka N, & Aoyagi Y. (2020). Effect of Modification with Helium Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma and Deep-Ultraviolet Light on Adhesive Shear Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Poly(ether-ether-ketone) Polymer. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 11(2), 27.

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Epithelial Cell Culture Protocol

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MMS, COL, CB, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution (approximately 0.5 M), trypsin (0.25%)-EDTA (0.02%) in Hanks’ balanced salt solution, potassium chloride solution (0.075 M), acetic acid, and acridine orange were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). MMC, dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, distilled water, and 4% paraformaldehyde phosphate buffer solution were obtained from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical (Osaka, Japan). Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS), Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Recombinant human EGF was obtained from PeproTech (Cranbury, NJ, USA). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) buffer was obtained from MatTek (Ashland, MA, USA). Stock solutions of CB were prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide and stored at − 30 °C. EGF, MMC, MMS, and COL were dissolved in distilled water and stored at − 30 °C before use.

Munakata S., Watanabe T., Takahashi T., Kimuro S., Ishimori K, & Hashizume T. (2023). Development of a micronucleus test using the EpiAirway™ organotypic human airway model. Genes and Environment, 45, 14.

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Preparation and Characterization of Bacterial Cell Wall Components

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Bacterial cell components were prepared from heat-killed b240. Intact cell walls (ICW) of b240 were prepared according to the method described by Shida et al. [20] (link) with minor modifications. Briefly, heat-killed b240 was suspended in a 0.3% solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate (Wako, Osaka, Japan) and boiled for 15 min. After centrifugation, the precipitate was washed with a 2∶1 mixture of methanol (Wako) and distilled water (Otsuka, Tokyo, Japan), methanol, and acetone (Wako). The b240 was treated with actinase E (Kaken, Tokyo, Japan) and delipidated with methanol, and a 1∶1 mixture of methanol and chloroform (Wako). The delipidated material was treated with DNase I (Sigma) and RNase A (Sigma), followed by treatment with actinase E. The insoluble material was washed with distilled water (Otsuka), lyophilized, and then used as ICW. To remove sugar from the ICW, the ICW was suspended in 2% potassium hydroxide (Wako) and boiled for 1 h. potassium hydroxide-treated ICW was washed with distilled water and lyophilized, and then used as KOH-treated ICW. Neutral sugars in ICW and KOH-treated ICW were determined using the phenol-sulfuric acid method. Approximately 98% of the neutral sugars in the ICW were removed by KOH-treatment.

Kotani Y., Kunisawa J., Suzuki Y., Sato I., Saito T., Toba M., Kohda N, & Kiyono H. (2014). Role of Lactobacillus pentosus Strain b240 and the Toll-Like Receptor 2 Axis in Peyer's Patch Dendritic Cell-Mediated Immunoglobulin A Enhancement. PLoS ONE, 9(3), e91857.

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Synthesis and Characterization of DMATMPyP

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DMATMPyP
was obtained by the methylation
of meso-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl)-tris(p-pyridyl)porphyrin (DMATPyP). Synthesis of DMATPyP was
according to the previously reported method.^{47 (link)} To obtain DMATMPyP, the methylation of DMATPyP was carried out according
to the literature.^{48 (link),49 (link)} Details about the synthesis and
characterization of DMATMPyP are described in the Supporting Information. The spectroscopic-grade distilled
water was purchased from Dojin Chemicals Co. (Kumamoto, Japan). Sodium
phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) and NADH were from Nakalai Tesque Inc. (Kyoto,
Japan). Dimethyl sulfoxide-d₆ and sodium
azide were from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co. (Osaka, Japan). Methyl
iodide and diethyl ether were from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo,
Japan). HSA was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC. (St. Louis,
MO, USA). These reagents were used as received. A sodium phosphate
buffer (pH 6.4) was prepared from disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate
and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto,
Japan). Sodium phosphate buffers (pH 4.4 and 3.2) were prepared from
sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Nacalai Tesque, Inc.) and 0.05
M phosphoric acid (Kanto Chemical, Co. Inc., Tokyo. Japan). An acidic
solution (pH 2.0) was prepared from 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution
(FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Co.) and distilled water (FUJIFILM Wako
Pure Chemical Co.).

Hirakawa K., Takai S., Horiuchi H, & Okazaki S. (2020). Photooxidation Activity Control of Dimethylaminophenyl-tris-(N-methyl-4-pridinio)porphyrin by pH. ACS Omega, 5(42), 27702-27708.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Fluorescent Dye

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All reagents and solvents used for the synthesis and spectroscopic measurements were of the highest commercial quality and were used without purification. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, distilled water, acetic acid, 4-aminopyridine, tetrafluoroboric acid, sodium nitrite, N,N-dihexylaniline and CHAPS (3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propanesulfonate) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries. Ethyl acetate was purchased from Kanto Chemical. FM4-64 was obtained from Biotium (SynaptoRed C2). All other reagents were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry or Sigma Aldrich, unless otherwise noted.

Nuriya M., Fukushima S., Momotake A., Shinotsuka T., Yasui M, & Arai T. (2016). Multimodal two-photon imaging using a second harmonic generation-specific dye. Nature Communications, 7, 11557.

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Comprehensive Protein Profiling Protocol

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Sucrose, Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris), NaCl, CaCl₂, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, urea, Na₂CO₃, sodium deoxycholate (SDC), iodoacetamide, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile (ACN), distilled water, methanol, TFA, ammonia solution, formic acid (FA), triethylammonium bicarbonate (1 M, pH 8), and other chemicals were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako. EDTA was purchased from Nacalai Tesque. Fetal bovine serum and penicillin–streptomycin were purchased from Life Technologies. Protein digestion standard mixture (MassPREP: yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, rabbit glycogen phosphorylase b, bovine serum albumin, and yeast enolase I) was purchased from Waters. Protease inhibitor cocktails and trypsin were purchased from Roche. Tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific. Styrene-divinylbenzene crosslinked (SDB-XC) and octadecyl (C18) Empore disks were purchased from 3M. Protein LoBind tubes (1.5 ml) were purchased from Eppendorf. Dissolution buffer consists of 6 M urea, 0.1 M Na₂CO₃, and 0.5% w/v SDC.

Kongpracha P., Wiriyasermkul P., Isozumi N., Moriyama S., Kanai Y, & Nagamori S. (2022). Simple But Efficacious Enrichment of Integral Membrane Proteins and Their Interactions for In-Depth Membrane Proteomics. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP, 21(5), 100206.

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Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model

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All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and carried out according to the Kobe University Animal Experimental Regulations (P140605). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetic mice were produced as described previously [20 (link)] with slight modification. Briefly, male C57BL/6J mice (10-week-old) were intraperitoneally injected with STZ in distilled water (200 mg/kg; Wako, Osaka, Japan) or the equal volume of vehicle as a control. Blood samples were taken from mouse lateral tail vein and blood glucose was measured by OneTouch Ultra glucometer (LifeScan, Wayne, PA, USA). Fasting blood glucose was measured at 4 and 8 days after the first STZ injection, and additional STZ injections (250 mg/kg) were given when the fasting blood glucose was less than 250 mg/dl. Rosuvastatin, kindly provided by AstraZeneca, was dissolved in drinking water, which was available ad libitum, and administered with 7.2 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 days. After being anesthetized intraperitoneally with 2.5 % 2,2,2-tribromoethanol (1.6 ml/100 g), the mice were transcardially perfused with physiological saline solution and the aortas were isolated.

Terao Y., Satomi-Kobayashi S., Hirata K.I, & Rikitake Y. (2015). Involvement of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and bone morphogenetic protein-binding endothelial cell precursor-derived regulator (BMPER) in high glucose-increased alkaline phosphatase expression and activity in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 14, 104.

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