Butylated hydroxyanisole bha

Dandelion was grown and marketed from Hohhot city in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Dandelion was purchased from a local market (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China) and identified by Professor Zhaozhe Li of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University. The whole plant of dandelion was air-dried, milled through a 1.0 mm screen and used as a substrate for SSF. Lactobacillus plantarum (CGMCC No. 1.12934) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CGMCC No. 2.1190) were purchased from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center (Beijing, China).
2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA). Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Beijing, China). Methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol and a standard mixture (Beijing, China) were of chromatographic grade. Other chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade.

Mature bog bilberry was harvested from the Jiagedaqi Forestry Bureau in Great Xing’an Mountains of Heilongjiang Province (northeast of China) in May 2018, and authenticated by Prof. Baojiang Zheng from the College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, China. The voucher specimen was deposited in the herbarium of Northeast Forestry University. The fruit marc was obtained after squeezing the berries, and the marc was stored at −4 °C before starting the extraction. The reference substances cyanidin-3-O-d-glucoside, hyperin, isoquercitrin, myricetin, and quercetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, potassium chloride, and sodium acetate were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). The synthetic antioxidants tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile, methanol, formic acid, and phosphoric acid of chromatographic grade were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). Ultrapure water was acquired from a Milli-Q purification apparatus (Bedford, MA, USA). All fluid samples were filtered through a 0.45 μm nylon filter membrane before HPLC analysis.

Wheat bran (Yongliang No. 4) was purchased from Bayannur Hengfeng Dagong food company limited. Amberlite XAD‐2 and Sephadex LH‐20 column were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. 1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone (PMP) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. DMEM/F12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), insulin transferrin selenium (ITS), penicillin, and streptomycin were purchased from Gibco‐BRL. All other chemicals and reagents were analytical grade.