Butylamine

Oleic acid (OA, 90%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), oleylamine (OLA, 70%), tetradecylphosphonic acid (TDPA, 97%), 1,2-ethanedithiol (EDT, 98%), hexamethyldisilathiane (TMS), lead bromide (PbBr₂, 95%), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Lead (II) oxide (PbO, 99.5%), cadmium chloride (CdCl₂, 95%), ammonium acetate (NH₄Ac, 95%), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.7%), octane (99%), butylamine (BTA, 99%), acetone (99.7%), methanol (99.7%), and toluene (99%) were purchased from Wako. Lead iodide (PbI₂, 99%) was purchased from Kanto Chemicals. Graphene oxide (GO, product number: XF002-1) was purchased from Nanjing XFNANO Materials. All chemicals were used without any purification.

The chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. Oxalic acid dihydrate and 2-propanol were purchased from Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Titanium tetraisopropoxide and butylamine were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Purified water was purchased from Kyoei Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Hydrogen peroxide (31%) was purchased from Santoku Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan). Ethanol was purchased from Ueno Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and was dried over 4A molecular sieves prior to use. The other chemicals were used without further purification. The ultraviolet germicidal lamp (GL-15) used for UV irradiation was purchased from Panasonic Co. (Osaka, Japan). The quartz glass substrate was purchased from Akishima-Glass Inc. (Okayama, Japan). The quartz glass substrate of dimensions 20 mm × 20 mm × 1.1 mm was washed in water with a detergent for 30 min through sonicated stirring. These glass substrates were rinsed in 2-propanol for 30 min using sonicated stirring and then dried in a drying oven at 70 °C.