Profenofos

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Germany, United States

Profenofos is a laboratory equipment product manufactured by Merck Group. It is a chemical compound used for various analytical and research applications. The core function of Profenofos is to serve as a versatile tool for researchers and scientists in their work.

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Lab products found in correlation

7 protocols using profenofos

Quantitative Analysis of Pesticide Residues

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The certified reference materials of acephate, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, monocrotophos, phenthoate, phorate, profenofos, quinalphos, and triphenyl phosphate (TPP, internal standard) were procured from Sigma-Aldrich Chem. Pvt. Ltd., India, based on the information collected on the types of pesticides used by the farmworkers. The analytical-grade formic acid was procured from Fluka Pvt. Ltd., India, and the other organic solvents, acetonitrile and methanol (pestanal-grade), were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany. Salts such as sodium chloride (anhydrous) and sodium sulfate and the analytical-grade reagent ethanol were obtained from Merck, India, and the HPLC column was procured from Agilent Technologies Pvt. Ltd., India. Water was purified with a Millipore Direct Q purification system (Lab Link, Germany).

Lari S., Vanka J., Jee B., Pandiyan A., Yamagani P., Kumar S.B., Naidu M, & Jonnalagadda P. (2023). Mitigation of pesticide residue levels in the exposed dermal regions of occupationally exposed farmworkers by use of personal protective equipment. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1232149.

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Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants

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Reagent-grade or pesticide-grade (α-Lindane, Hexachlorobenzene, Dimethoate, Heptachlor, aldrin, Heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, endosulfan I, profenofos, 4,4’-DDE (Dichloro-diphenyldichloroethylene), endosulfan II, 4,4’-DDD (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), 4,4’-DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and Methoxychlor) chemicals used in all tests were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany). Standard solutions (stock, composite, calibration, and surrogate (analyte) were stored at < 6 °C in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-sealed containers in the dark. Anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄), n-hexane, acetonitrile (CH₃CN), ethyl acetate (C₄H₈O₂), glacial acetic acid (CH₃COOH), Bondesil-primary secondary amine (PSA, 40 μm) and sodium acetate (NaCH₃COO) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich (Germany).

Wondimu K.T, & Geletu A.K. (2023). Residue analysis of selected organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in commercial tomato fruits by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Heliyon, 9(3), e14121.

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Profenofos Pesticide Extraction Protocol

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Profenofos (with 98.6% purity), methacrylic acid (MAA, 99.0%), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA, 97%) and 2,2-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN, 98%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents with analytical grade were received from Merck Company (Darmstadt, Germany) and utilized as received. Ultra-pure water was employed over the experiments after filtering through 0.22 mm Nylon membranes. 2000 mg/L stock solution of PFF was prepared by dissolving of suitable amount of the pesticides in 60:40 (v/v) acetonitrile/water. Daily solutions were prepared by proper dilution of the stock solution in doubly-distilled water.

Tamandani M., Hashemi S.H., Kaykhaii M., Jamali Keikha A, & Nasiriyan A. (2022). Determination of profenofos in seawater and foodstuff samples after its molecularly imprinted polymer pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction optimized by response surface methodology. BMC Chemistry, 16(1), 12.

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Tubulin Isolation and Preparation for Mass Spectrometry

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Tubulin protein (> 99 % pure) from porcine brain and guanosine 5-triphosphate sodium salt (GTP) were purchased from Cytoskeleton, Inc. (Denver, CO, USA). This tubulin preparation contains both α- and β-tubulin. Sequencing grade modified trypsin was purchased from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). A stock solution of porcine brain tubulin (0.6 mg/mL) in 15 mM ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) was prepared, and then was snap frozen and stored at −80°C until use.
Profenofos was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) used as MALDI matrix and peptide calibration standard II were from Bruker (Billerica, MA, USA). DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) was from Acros Organics (New Jersey, USA). Vivaspin^™ 500 centrifugal concentrators VS0102 (cut-off 10 kDa) were obtained from Sartorius Stedim North America, Inc. (New York, USA). HPLC grade acetonitrile (ACN), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) and formic acid were from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Water was purified on a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

Chu S., Baker M.R., Leong G., Letcher R.J, & Li Q.X. (2018). Covalent Binding of the Organophosphate Insecticide Profenofos to Tyrosine on α- and β-Tubulin Proteins. Chemosphere, 199, 154-159.

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Profenofos Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Assay

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Profenofos, 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP), bovine serum albumin (BSA), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) and acetylthiocholine iodide (ATC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂⋅6H₂O), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂⋅2H₂O) were purchased from VWR International (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Acetonitrile (ACN, UPLC/MS grade) was purchased from Biosolve (Valkenswaard, The Netherlands). Human liver microsomes and cytosol (pooled from 150 human donors, mixed gender), rat liver microsomes and rat liver cytosol (pooled from 20 male Sprague–Dawley rats) were purchased from Corning (Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Recombinant human acetylcholinesterase was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands). Rat blood was purchased from BioIVT (Westbury, USA), human and rat plasma were purchased from Innovate (New York, USA).

Omwenga I., Zhao S., Kanja L., Mol H., Rietjens I.M, & Louisse J. (2021). Prediction of dose-dependent in vivo acetylcholinesterase inhibition by profenofos in rats and humans using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry. Archives of Toxicology, 95(4), 1287-1301.

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Pesticide Residue Analysis Protocol

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Pesticide reference standards including malathion, diazinon, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, omethoate, dimethoate, cy permethrin, deltamethrin, fenpropathrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, cyfluthrin, fenvlarate, lamdacyhalothrin , lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, mixture endosulfan, dieldrin, endrin, o,P-DDT, carbaryl, carbofuran, bendiocarb, atrazine, imidacloprid, thiomethoxam and pendimethalin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich GmbH (Augsburg, Germany), Supelco and Bayer Crop Science , with certified purity ranging from 95% to 99%. Acetonitrile, acetone, sodium chloride, toluene, acetic acid and anhydrous magnesium sulfate were obtained from Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain). QuEChERS Finisterre micro centrifuge tube containing two or more of primary secondary amine (PSA), anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and graphed carbon black (GCB) with details of TR-Q2035 (150mg MgSO4, 25mg PSA, 2.5mg GCB) and TR-Q2015 (150mg MgSO4, 25mg PSA) were obtained from Teknokroma (Barcelona, Spain). Piperonyl Butoxide (PPB) with certified purity 95% used as internal standard was obtained from Sigma Aldrich GmbH.
All the organic solvents used were high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade.

Ali S.E.A. (2020). Determination of Pesticides Residues in Eggplant and Tomatoes from Central Marked in Khartoum State Using Quechers Method and Gas Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 24(2).

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Trace-level Pesticide Extraction

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LC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from TEDIA. The analytical standards (ethoprophos, coumaphos, profenofos, diazinon, ethion, parathion, phosalone, quinalphos, dicrotophos, purity >95%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Azinphos methyl, tribuphos (purity >95%) were from Dr. Ehrenstorfer Gmbh. Other details are given in Table 1. The analytical-reagent grade anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodiumchloride (NaCl) was from Kermel. The powder of C18 and primary secondary amine (PSA, 50 μm) were purchased from Agela Technologies. The guarantee dreagent-grade formic acid was purchased from ROE. Ultrapure water was obtained from a Milli Q purification system (Millipore, Molsheim). Individual pesticide stock standard solutions (1000 mg L -1 ) were prepared in methanol and stored at -18°C. A multistandard mixture containing 10 mg L -1 of each pesticide was prepared in methanol and stored at 4°C for less than 3 months. Mixed multi-standard working solutions were prepared fresh to avoid degradation of pesticides. The concentrations of the multi-standard working solutions were 10, 25, 50, 100 and 250 μg kg -1 .

Hu T.T., Lu C.M., Li H., Zhang Z.X., Zhao Y.H, & Li J. (2017). Determination of Eleven Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Textiles by Using HPLC-HRMS. Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, 33(9).

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