Methanol (LC-MS grade), Fisher Scientific (Leicestershire, UK); purified water, ELGA Purelab Option (Marlow, UK); Lipid standard phosphatidylcholine (PC) 16:0/18:1, Avanti Polar Lipids (Delfzyl, The Netherlands); Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), Acros Organics (Loughborough, UK); MALDI matrices and analytes 2,6-dihydroxyactophenone (2,6-DHAP), histidine, glutamic acid, amiodarone, insulin, probucol, choline chloride, fumaric acid, cysteine, ketoglutaric acid, glutamic acid, dopamine hydrochloride, l-histidine, tryptophan, ibuprofen, palmitic acid, glucose 6 phosphate, glutathione, clozapine, glycochenodeoxycholate, raffinose, probucol, amiodarone, co-enzyme Q10, ubiquitin (from bovine erythrocytes) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Dorset, UK) at 98% purity or above. Paclitaxel and rapamycin from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK). Superfrost Plus (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) glass slides were used for all experiments.
Amiodarone
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, France, United Kingdom
Amiodarone is a laboratory product manufactured by Merck Group. It is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent certain types of abnormal heart rhythms. The core function of Amiodarone is to help regulate the electrical activity of the heart.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (7 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (5 mentions)
Verapamil, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Penicillin streptomycin, by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (4 mentions)
Quinidine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Chloroquine, by Merck Group (3 mentions)
Dulbecco s modified eagle s medium dmem, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Hoechst 33342, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Glucose 6 phosphate (g6p), by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Digoxin, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Propranolol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Acetaminophen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Diltiazem, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Rhodamine 123, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Cyclosporin a, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Elacridar, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Carvedilol, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Troglitazone, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
Tamoxifen, by Merck Group (2 mentions)
42 protocols using amiodarone
1
MALDI-TOF Lipid Profiling Protocol
2
EGFR and Amiodarone Modulation of Zebrafish Valve Development
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EGFR inhibitor AG 1478 (CalBiochem) was dissolved in DMSO and stocked as 1 mM at -20°C. The working concentration used in this study was 7 μM. Amiodarone (Sigma) was dissolved in water at 65°C for 2 h and stocked as 900 μM at 4°C. Before use, the solution was dissolved again at 65°C for 1 h. In the control group, 100 embryos were placed in a 9-cm dish filled with a volume of 30 ml embryo medium containing 0.2 mM 1-phenyl-2-thio-urea (Sigma). In the experimental group, the protocol was identical to the control group, except that embryos at different stages were treated with concentrations of Amiodarone that ranged from 3 to 30 μM, and embryos were exposed to treatment from 12 to 84 h. Long-term treatment was performed during 12–72 hpf, in which the specification stage of valve formation at 36–55 hpf and the invagination stage of valve formation at 55 hpf were included. Treatment during 12–48 hpf was used to examine the expressions of versican and cdh5 genes. During treatment, Amiodarone was refreshed every 24 h, and after treatment, embryos were washed twice with embryo medium, collected into a new 9-cm dish, and then incubated at 28°C.
3
Amiodarone Exposure Protocol for Zebrafish ECG
4
Evaluation of Antiarrhythmic Drug Effects
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Ivabradine, flecainide, amiodarone, mexiletine, quinidine, and ranolazine were from Sigma, ajmaline from MP Biomedicals. The tested concentrations were selected according to literatures and our previous studies in hiPSC-CMs (Wu et al., 2004 (link); El-Battrawy et al., 2018 (link); Salvage et al., 2018 (link); Zhao et al., 2019 (link)). Our previous studies showed that 10 µM quinidine, 10 µM Ivabradine, 30 µM ajmaline, 100 µM mexiletine, prolonged APD, 10 µM amiodarone inhibited IKr (El-Battrawy et al., 2018 (link); Zhao et al., 2019 (link)). ranolazine (5–30 µM) significantly reduced episodes of EADs and VT produced by ATX-II (Wu et al., 2004 (link)). flecainide of 3–30 µM was shown to inhibit Na and K channel currents (Salvage et al., 2018 (link)). Therefore, the concentrations of 10 µM quinidine, 30 µM ajmaline, 10 µM amiodarone, 10 µM Ivabradine, 30 µM flecainide, 100 µM mexiletine and 30 µM ranolazine were chosen for the study. Of note, all these drugs can affect other channel currents besides hERG channel currents (Supplementary Table 1 ).
5
Imaging Lysosomal Localization of LpX
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Mesangial and podocyte cells were plated on chambered coverglass slides and allowed to attach overnight, then treated for 18 hours with 200 μg/ml fluorescent-PE-labeled LpX in the absence or presence of 5 μM amiodarone (Sigma). Cells were then washed and stained with Lysotracker green (Invitrogen) for 2 hrs, in the absence or presence of 5 μM amiodarone and washed 4x times with Ringers buffer. Cells were imaged using 20x or 63x objectives on a Zeiss 780 confocal microscope. Imaging parameters for LpX-lissamine-rhodamine fluorescence were optimized using amiodarone-treated, LpX-labeled cells, which had relatively intense fluorescence. Non-treated cells were then imaged using the same imaging conditions to allow for comparison of LpX between control and treated cells under non-saturating imaging conditions.
6
Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Oxidative Reactions
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All solvents used in this study were of analytical grade. Methanol (MeOH), trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and acetic acid were purchased from Merck Ltd. (Budapest, Hungary). Water was obtained from a Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA) Milli-Q water-purification system and used for the preparation of all aqueous solutions. Oxidizing agent t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Metalloporphyrines such as 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)iron(II) porphyrin (FeTPFP) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-sulfonatophenyl)iron(II) porphyrin (FeTSPP) were purchased from Frontier Scientific (Logan, UT, USA). Amiodarone, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (Tris HCl), MgCl2, glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, sodium acetate, potassium chloride (KCl) and NADPH were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Human liver microsomes pooled from mixed gender was obtained from Sekisui XenoTech Llc. (Kansas City, KS, USA). Magnetic nanoparticles with aminopropyl functions (MNPs-NH2) were product of SynBiocat Llc. (Budapest, Hungary).
7
Cell Culture and Compound Treatment
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HeLa, GBM8401, U118MG cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Invitrogen, USA). Amiodarone, DCFH-DA, CHX, Act D, and calcium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (A8423, D6883, C1988, A9415, and C1016, MO, USA).
8
Endometrial Carcinoma Cell Lines
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RL95-2 (ATCC®CRL-1671™), HEC-1-A (ATCC®HTB-112™), and KLE (ATCC®CRL-1622™) human endometrial carcinoma cell lines were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). RL95-2 and KLE cells were cultivated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium Nutrient Mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12). HEC-1-A cells were cultivated in McCoy’s 5A medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Amiodarone, caffeine, cisplatin, 2′,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), digoxin, metformin, oxaliplatin, propidium iodide (PI), resveratrol, thiazolyl blue tetrazlium bromide (MTT), and trichostatin A (TSA) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).
9
Hepatocarcinogenesis Induction and Modulation
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Male Fischer rats were obtained from Charles River (Milano, Italy). Guidelines for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals were followed during the investigation. All animal procedures were approved by the Ethical Commission of the University of Cagliari and the Italian Ministry of Health. Animals were treated with a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DENA, 150 mg/kg) and, two weeks later, were subjected to the R-H protocol, consisting of a 2 week-diet supplemented with 0.02% 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) and a two/third partial hepatectomy (PH) [19 (link)]. Rats were then switched to basal diet all throughout the experiment and sacrificed 10 weeks after DENA administration (See Supp. Figure 1A .)
Another group of rats exposed to R-H protocol was given four doses of Chloroquine (50 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, C6628) or Amiodarone (30 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, A8423) starting 2 weeks after 2-AAF withdrawal (6 weeks after treatment with DENA). Rats were sacrificed 7 days after the first dose (SeeSupp. Figure 1B and 1C ). BrdU was given in drinking water (1mg/1ml) for 5 days before the sacrifice.
Another group of rats exposed to R-H protocol was given four doses of Chloroquine (50 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, C6628) or Amiodarone (30 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich, A8423) starting 2 weeks after 2-AAF withdrawal (6 weeks after treatment with DENA). Rats were sacrificed 7 days after the first dose (See
10
Amiodarone Biophysical Effects Protocol
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