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5 protocols using ab211292

1

Longitudinal Tibia Analysis of Bone Development

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Mice were sacrificed on PSD 3, 7, and 10. Thick (90 μm) longitudinal tibia frozen sections were prepared as described previously (Kusumbe et al., 2015 (link)). In brief, each tibia was stripped of soft tissues and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) at 4°C for 4 h, decalcified in 0.5 M EDTA at 4°C for 48 h, cryoprotected at 4°C for 48 h, and cryoembedded. Cryosections were prepared using a cryostat (Leica 3050S) with a thickness of 80 μm and stored at −80°C.
For immunostaining, the tibia sections were hydrated, permeabilized, blocked, and incubated with primary antibodies against endomucin (sc-65495, 1:100, Santa Cruz), osterix (ab22552, 1:200, Abcam), paired related homeobox 1 (PRRX1) (ab211292, 1:200, Abcam), KI67 (ab15580, 1:200, Abcam), and F4/80 (ab6640, 1:200, Abcam) overnight. Next day, the sections were incubated with anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 488 (A32790, 1:300, Invitrogen) secondary antibody for 1 h at room temperature. Sections were washed with PBS and mounted with DAPI FluoroMount-G (0100-20, SouthernBiotech) and then sealed with coverslips.
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2

Investigating Phosphorylation Signaling Pathways

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[4-(5-amino-4-carbamoylimidazol-1-yl)-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentyl] methyl dihydrogen phosphate (ICA-1 T) (Therachem, Jaipur, India) and 8-hydroxy-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid (ζ-Stat) (NSC 37044) was provided by National Institute of Health (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA). Sterile distilled water was used as the solvent. Materials were acquired as follows; primary antibodies of PKC-ζ (sc-17781, Santa Cruz Biotech), PKC-ι (610175, BD Biosciences), p-PKC-ι (T555, 44–968 G), p-PKC-ζ (T410, PA5-17837) and E-Cadherin (701134, Thermo Fisher Scientific), Vimentin (5741S), p-Vimentin (S39, 13614S), p-Vimentin (S56, 7391S), p-Smad2 (S465/467)/Smad3 (S423/425) (8828S) and SNAIL1 (3879S, Cell Signaling Biotechnology). PRRX1 (ab211292) and p-Vimentin (S71, ab115189, Abcam). p-Vimentin (S6, ADI-KAM-CC245-E) and p-Vimentin (S33, ADI-KAM-CC246-E, Enzo Life Sciences). β-actin-peroxidase (A3854, Sigma). Enhanced chemiluminescence solution (34,080, Pierce Inc.). siRNA (human small interfering RNA) for PKC-ζ (SR321432), PKC-ι (SR321426), SNAIL1 (SR304489, OriGene Inc.) and PRRX1 (AM16708, Thermo Fisher Scientific). DPBS without Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions (Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline, D8537) and Trypsin–EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, T4049, Sigma Aldrich).
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3

Immunohistochemical Evaluation of PRRX1 in Colorectal Cancer

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IHC was performed on paraffin sections of normal colorectal and CRC tissues according to standard labelled streptavidin-biotin (LSAB) protocol (Dako) using primary antibodies against PRRX1 (Cat# ab211292, Abcam, China). The degree of staining in the sections was observed and scored independently by two pathologists. The percent positivity of PRRX1 staining was scored from 0 to 4: 0 (0%), 1 (1–25%), 2 (26–50%), 3 (51–75%), and 4 (>75%). The staining intensity was scored on a 4-point scale: 0 (no staining), 1 (weak staining, light yellow), 2 (moderate staining, yellowish-brown), and 3 (strong staining, brown). Subsequently, the PRRX1 expression score was calculated as the product of the percent positivity score and staining intensity score and ranged from 0 to 12. The final expression level of PRRX1 was defined as low [0–5] or high [6–12].
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Protein samples were quantified by BCA method. Protein (30 µg) was mixed with loading buffer and denatured, followed by electrophoresis and transmembrane to polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk at room temperature for 2 hours. After that, primary antibodies including anti-Prx1 (ab211292, 1:1,000, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), anti-FOXO3 (SAB2107951, 1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), anti-PI3K (GW21071, 1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-p-PI3K (#SAB1305578, 1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-Akt (SAB4500797, 1:1,000, Sigma-Aldrich), anti-p-Akt (#9271, 1:1,000, Cell Signaling Technology Danvers, MA, USA), and anti-GAPDH (ab37168, 1:1,000, Abcam) were used to incubate with the corresponding overnight at 4°C. After washing, membranes were incubated with goat antirabbit LgG (H + L) secondary antibody (1:1,000, Beijing Zhongshan Golden Bridge Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China). After washing, ECL detection reagent (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was added to detect the signal. Relative expression level of each protein was normalized to endogenous control GAPDH using Image J software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/).
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Tibial Osteoprogenitors

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Freshly dissected tibiae were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde at 4°C for 4 hours and decalcified in 0.5 M EDTA, pH 7.5 at 4°C for 36 hours (Fig. 1b). Samples were cryoembedded, thick-sectioned, and stained with primary antibodies against osteoprogenitor marker Osx (1:100, sc-22536-R, Santa Cruz Bio, Dallas, Texas), proliferation marker Ki-67 (1:100, M-19, Santa Cruz, AF7649, R&D Systems), stem cells antigen-1 (Sca-1) (1:100, 14-5981-82, eBioscience, San Diego, California), Paired Related Homeobox 1 (Prrx1) (1:100, ab211292, Abcam, Cambridge, Massachusetts), and endothelial marker EMCN (1:100, V.7C7, Santa Cruz Bio). After three washes with PBS, the samples were stained with Alexa Fluor secondary antibodies from Donkey (1:400, ThermoFisher, Waltham, Massachusetts). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (0.5 μg/ml). The slides were mounted with Fluoromount-G and coverslipped before imaging.
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