Monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate

Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) was purchased from Taitung country farmers’ association (Taitung, Taiwan). Wheat flour was purchased from Yifeng food company (New Taipei City, Taiwan). MRS broth was purchased from Hardy Diagnostics (Santa Maria, CA, USA). Peptone and Bacto agar were purchased from Bioshop (Burlington, ON, Canada). Glucose, sucrose, lactose, magnesium sulfate, sodium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate dibasic 2-mercaptoethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium tetraborate, monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, sodium phosphate dibasic, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, potassium persulfate, hydrochloric acid, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). o-Phthaldialdehyde was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).

For the preparation of the nanocellulose carrier, sugar beet pulp (SBP) was provided by Sugar Beet Seed Institute (Karaj, Iran) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄, 98%) was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. For enzyme assays, the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), beechwood xylan, phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride, imidazole, monosodium dihydrogen orthophosphate, metal ions, ethylene diaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA), urea, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), tween 20, Triton X-100, Dithiothreitol (DTT), avicel, β-glucan, filter paper, locust bean gum (LBG), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and β-pNPG were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The CRW was from the local market (Karaj, Iran). For the cloning, expression and purification of the PersiBGLXyn1, the T4 DNA ligase, NheI and SalI restriction enzyme and Gel Extraction kit were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, United States) and kanamycin (Duchefa, Haarlem, The Netherlands), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Sigma–Aldrich), the Luria-Bertani medium (LB broth, Merck, Germany) and Ni2 + -NTA Fast Start Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) were used.