Solasodine

Tomatidine hydrochloride, solasodine, and sarsasapogenin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA) and dissolved in absolute ethanol (EtOH) to a final concentration of 5 mM. Tomatine (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) was prepared in absolute EtOH to a final concentration of 2.5 mM. Naringenin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, Texas, USA) and dissolved in absolute EtOH to a final concentration of 50 mM. All stock solutions were stored at −20 °C and used for a maximum of 3 months. The final EtOH concentration was below 0.1% in all infection experiments.

The standard biomarkers (Solasodine, Solasonine and Solamargine) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. All the solvents used for analysis were HPLC-grade (Merck Specialities Private Limited, Mumbai, India. Middlebrook 7H9 medium procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. The Indian Bison Type strain of mycobacteria was procured from the Biotechnology department, GLA University, Mathura, India.

The NuncTM MicrowellTM Delta-treated 96-Well Nunclon, flat-bottom microplate was purchased from Thermofisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA. Ursolic acid, Solasodine, and Middlebrook 7H9 medium were procured from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA, and the standard first-line and second-line tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin, Clarithromycin and Ofloxacin) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. Indian Bison Type strain of mycobacteria was procured from the Biotechnology department, GLA University, Mathura, India. In Discovery studio 2021, the ligand–receptor interactions were visualized using Python Molecular Version 1.5.7. Regarding the interactions, the proteins and ligands were prepared and docked; then, grids were generated, as well as graphical representations of the interactions between those molecules. Pub Chem 2D structure of the ligand was downloaded as SDF (Pub Med (“nih.gov”)) and the protein data bank (RCSB PDB: Homepage) provided the receptor’s structure.

KCl, NaCl, HEPES, EDTA, nonactin, pentane, ethanol, methanol, calcein, triton X-100, sephadex G-50, digitonin, tribulosin, dioscin, diosgenin, solasodine, escin, uvaol, lupeol, betulin, nystatin (NyS), and gramicidin A (GrA) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Syringomycin E (SyrE) was isolated and purified as described previously [37 (link)], and kindly offered by Dr. J.Y. Takemoto (Utah State University, USA). The chemical structures of tested agents are presented in Figure 6. The purity of saponins and related compounds was ≥95% (except for betulin (≥98%), lupeol (≥94%), diosgenin (≥93%), and digitonin (~50%)). All experiments were performed at room temperature (25 °C).
Lipids, 1,2-diphytanoil-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPhPC), 1-O-hexadecyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (HOPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-rac-glycerol) (POPG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-rac-glycerol) (DPPG), and cholesterol (CHOL) were obtained from Avanti Polar Lipids (Pelham, NY, USA).