Anhydrous ethanol

Manufactured by Avantor

Sourced in Poland

Anhydrous ethanol is a high-purity form of ethanol, containing no water. It is commonly used as a solvent and reagent in various laboratory applications.

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10 protocols using anhydrous ethanol

Organosilane-based Surface Functionalization

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The organosilanes 1,8-bis(triethoxysilyl)octane (95%; BOS) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (97%; PFOS) were purchased from abcr GmbH (Germany) and used without further purification. Ethanol (absolute, 99.5%; EtOH) was acquired from VWR International (United States), and acetic acid (rotipuran, 100 %; AcOH) was obtained from Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG (Germany).
For the synthesis of 1,8-naphthalimid-N-propyltriethoxysilane (NIPTES), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich GmbH (Germany) and used without further purification. Moreover, anhydrous ethanol (99,8%) from VWR International (United States) was used as a solvent.
Single-side finished silicon wafers (with one side being polished and reflecting) were kindly provided by Infineon Technologies Austria AG (Villach, Austria).
Stainless steel (DIN 1.2343; X38CrMoV5-1) substrates (66 mm × 80 mm) were kindly provided by Poloplast GmbH & Co KG (Austria). Typically, this steel type contains 0.38 wt% carbon, 1.1 wt% silicon, 0.4 wt% manganese, 5.0 wt% chromium, 1.3 wt% molybdenum and 0.4 wt% vanadium. The surface roughness was determined by AFM measurements (see Chapter 3.3).
A blue-colored chalk-filled polypropylene compound (PKNG-Spritzcompound) was also kindly provided by Poloplast GmbH & Co KG (Austria) and used as the injection molding material.

Kern W., Müller M., Bandl C., Krempl N, & Kratzer M. (2022). Anti-Adhesive Organosilane Coating Comprising Visibility on Demand. Polymers, 14(19), 4006.

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Paracetamol and Lactose Hydrate Formulation

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Materials used in experiments were: paracetamol (PAR) (Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland), α-lactose monohydrate (Lα•H2O) (Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland) and Carbopol (polyacrylic acid, molecular weight of 3,000,000, Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland). Ethanol (EtOH) (technical grade) was purchased from T.E Laboratories (Ireland), and deionised water (H2O) was produced using a Millipore Elix 3 system (Millipore, France) and anhydrous ethanol (< 0.003% H2O) was purchased from VWR Chemicals (Ireland).

McDonagh A.F, & Tajber L. (2020). Crystallo-co-spray drying as a new approach to manufacturing of drug/excipient agglomerates: Impact of processing on the properties of paracetamol and lactose mixtures. International journal of pharmaceutics, 577.

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Particle Dispersion Solvent Preparation

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Anhydrous
ethanol (≥99.8%, max H₂O content 0.003%, ρ
= 780 kg m^–3)
used to prepare the particle dispersions was from VWR. A Milli-Q system
provided the water (resistivity 18 MΩ cm). Ethanol (96.9%, VWR
Chemistry and Chemicals), acetone (99.3%, J.T. Baker), sulfuric acid
(96%, ROTH), hydrogen peroxide (30%, Merck), and water (Milli-Q) were
used for the substrate surface cleaning/preparation.

Danglad-Flores J., Eftekhari K., Skirtach A.G, & Riegler H. (2019). Controlled Deposition of Nanosize and Microsize Particles by Spin-Casting. Langmuir, 35(9), 3404-3412.

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Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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Chemicals: All chemicals were used as received without any further purification: iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 97%), oleic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, >90%), chloroform (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.5%), isopropyl alcohol (Aldrich, ≥99.7%), hexane (Sigma-Aldrich, 95%), toluene (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.8%), Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Aldrich, 99.999%), ammonia solution (VWR, 27-30%), anhydrous ethanol (VWR, 99%), ethylene glycol (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.8%), dodecanethiol (Aldrich, ≥98%), 1-octadecene (Aldrich, 90%), dioctyl ether (Aldrich, 99%), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TCI, >98%), squalane (Aldrich, 99%), dodecane (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99%), chlorotriphenylphosphine Au (I) (Strem, 99.9%),

Yang Z., Altantzis T., Zanaga D., Bals S., Van Tendeloo G, & Pileni M.P. (2016). Supracrystalline Colloidal Eggs: Epitaxial Growth and Freestanding Three-Dimensional Supracrystals in Nanoscaled Colloidosomes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 138(10).

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles

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Di-n-butylmagnesium (1.0 M in heptane), lithium, naphthalene, anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), triethylamine, potassium gold(III) chloride (KAuCl4), potassium tetrachloropalladate(II) (Na2PdCl4), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%), and iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Anhydrous isopropanol (IPA) was obtained from Fisher Scientific. Unless otherwise stated, anhydrous ethanol (VWR) was used as a solvent for centrifugation steps, and all chemical reagents were used without further purification. All synthesis glassware was washed with aqua regia (1:3 HNO3:HCl) and flame-dried under vacuum. (Caution:
Aqua regia solutions are dangerous and should be used with extreme care; these solutions should never be stored in closed containers.)

Asselin J., Boukouvala C., Wu Y., Hopper E.R., Collins S.M., Biggins J.S, & Ringe E. (2019). Decoration of plasmonic Mg nanoparticles by partial galvanic replacement. The Journal of chemical physics, 151(24).

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Apatite Formation on Film Surfaces

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Apatite-forming ability on the surface of the films was assessed by incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF), prepared according to Kokubo [30 (link)] at 37 °C for 3, 7, and 14 days with the sample weight to SBF volume ratio of 10⁻³ g mL⁻¹ [31 (link)]. All the reagents used for SBF preparation were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials, Poland. Afterwards, the samples after washing with anhydrous ethanol (Avantor Performance Materials, Poland) and drying at room temperature were examined with SEM/EDX and ATR-FTIR methods as mentioned above. Both surfaces of each film (AS, GS) were tested. Furthermore, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Plasm 40, PerkinElmer, USA) was used to evaluate the changes in the concentrations of Ca, P, and Si in the SBF during incubation of the films. The measurements were performed in triplicate and expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Dziadek M., Dziadek K., Checinska K., Zagrajczuk B., Golda-Cepa M., Brzychczy-Wloch M., Menaszek E., Kopec A, & Cholewa-Kowalska K. (2020). PCL and PCL/bioactive glass biomaterials as carriers for biologically active polyphenolic compounds: Comprehensive physicochemical and biological evaluation. Bioactive Materials, 6(6), 1811-1826.

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Cu-Based Composites

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Anhydrous copper chloride (CuCl₂), thiourea (CH₄N₂S), anhydrous ethanol (C₂H₅OH), L (+)-ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆), anhydrous glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), acetic acid (99.5–99.9%, CH₃COOH), sulfuric acid (95%, H₂SO₄) and sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 M, NaOH) were purchased from Avantor, Poland, sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁), D-fructose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and lactic acid solution (88%, C₃H₆O₃) from Chempur, Poland, chitosan (low molecular weight) and Nafion from Sigma-Aldrich, USA, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (M.W. 40,000, PVP) from Alfa Aesar, USA. All chemicals were analytically grade and required no further purification. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) with a diameter of 3 mm were obtained from Mineral Company, Poland.

Mazurków J., Kusior A, & Radecka M. (2021). Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensors Based on Copper Sulfides: Effect of Binder-Particles Interactions in Drop-Casted Suspensions on Electrodes Electrochemical Performance. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 21(3), 802.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Oxime Derivatives

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Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, potassium hydroxide (85 %), potassium iodide, magnesium sulfate, anhydrous ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), chloroform, ethyl acetate, n‐hexane, triethylamine (Avantor, Poland), organic reagents, 1‐(2‐thienyl)ethan‐1‐one (>99 %), n‐butyl chloride (>99 %), 1‐(chloromethyl)naphthalene (>97 %), 2‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethylethylamine hydrochloride (99 %), 3‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethylpropylamine hydrochloride (>96 %), 4‐(2‐chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (99 %), chloroacetic acid (99 %), cyclohexanone oxime (97 %), acetone oxime (98 %) (Sigma–Aldrich), and acetophenone oxime (98 %) (Alfa‐Aesar) were commercially available. The 1‐(2‐thienyl)ethan‐1‐one oxime was synthesized following the procedures described in the literature.30All NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III 400 MHz or 700 MHz spectrometer, using CDCl₃ as the solvent, with TMS as an internal standard. Mass spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu LC‐MS 8030 spectrometer (triple quadrupole). HRMS spectra were recorded on QTOF (Impact HD, Bruker) spectrometer. Melting points were determined by using DigiMelt MPA161 digital melting point apparatus and were uncorrected. The reaction times were analyzed by TLC analysis. For non‐absorbing compounds under a UV lamp (254 nm), TLC (vanillin, ethanol, sulfuric acid) was used.

Kosmalski T., Studzińska R., Daniszewska N., Ullrich M., Sikora A., Marszałł M, & Modzelewska‐Banachiewicz B. (2018). Study of the Room‐Temperature Synthesis of Oxime Ethers by using a Super Base. ChemistryOpen, 7(7), 551-557.

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Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles

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Tetraethoxysilane—TEOS 99.99% (Aldrich Chemistry, Darmstadt, Germany); water ammonia solution 25% (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland); anhydrous ethanol (46.07 g/mol, JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA); purified water (obtained with Polwater deionizer CNX-100T 717); sodium hydroxide (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland); chloramphenicol FPV (PPH Galfarm, Cracow, Poland); and carbopol 934P (BF Goodrich, Cleveland, OH, USA).

Balwierz R., Bursy D., Biernat P., Hudz N., Shanaida M., Krzemiński Ł., Skóra P., Biernat M, & Siodłak W.O. (2022). Nano-Silica Carriers Coated by Chloramphenicol: Synthesis, Characterization, and Grinding Trial as a Way to Improve the Release Profile. Pharmaceuticals, 15(6), 703.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

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Tetraethoxysilane-TEOS 99.99% (Aldrich Chemistry, Darmstadt, Germany) (78-10-4); water ammonia solution 25% (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland) (1336-21-6); anhydrous ethanol (46.07 g/mol, JT Baker, Phillipsburg, NJ, USA) (64-17-5); purified water (obtained with Polwater deionizer CNX-100 T 717); sodium hydroxide (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland) (1310-73-2); gold chloride(III) (303,33 g/mol, Aldrich Chemistry, Darmstadt, Germany) (13453-07-1), ascorbinic acid (176,12 g/mol, Aldrich Chemistry, Darmstadt, Germany) (50-81-7), chloramphenicol FPV (PPH Galfarm, Cracow, Poland) (56-75-7); and carbopol 934P (BF Goodrich, Cleveland, OH, USA) (9003-01-4).

Bursy D., Balwierz R., Groch P., Biernat P., Byrski A., Kasperkiewicz K, & Ochędzan-Siodłak W. (2023). Nanoparticles coated by chloramphenicol in hydrogels as a useful tool to increase the antibiotic release and antibacterial activity in dermal drug delivery. Pharmacological Reports, 75(3), 657-670.

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