Iota carrageenan

Organic carrageenan-free cream (33% fat, 3% lactose, 2.4% protein, 0.08% minerals), organic skimmed milk (5% lactose, 3.5% protein, 0.1% minerals) and sucrose were purchased from a local supermarket (Jumbo Wageningen, Netherlands). Locust bean gum (LBG,∼ 310 kDa), guar gum (GG,∼ 4000 kDa), xanthan gum (XG,∼ 4000 kDa), iota carrageenan (IC,∼ 120 kDa) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim, Germany). Vanillin (100%) was purchased from Royal Polak Spices (Steenwijk, Netherlands).

A low-cost nonwoven textile based on cellulosic fibers was used as the base material for the prepared adsorbent. The material had a surface weight of 240 g/m² and a thickness of 0.6 mm. The nonwoven material was produced via a calendaring thermal consolidation. 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), used as a crosslinking agent, and the iota-carrageenan (a tiny white powder) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (Taufkirchen, Germany). All chemicals and reagents employed for the extraction of the pectin-like polysaccharide or the grafting procedures were used without further purification. Methylene blue (MB, M.W = 319.85 g/mol, λ_max in water = 665 nm, chemical formula: C₁₆H₁₈ClN₃S) as a reference of cationic dyes used as adsorbate was provided by the Central Drug House (India). Distilled water was used to prepare the MB solutions for the batch adsorption experiments.

Components of films and capsules: gelatin type B, bovine hide, 220 bloom (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), glycerol 99.5% w/w (Chempur, Piekary Slaskie, Poland), Aquacoat® CPD (FMC Biopolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA), aqueous dispersion of cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), iota-carrageenan (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)—Miglyol 812 N (Caelo, Hilden, Germany), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400)—Kollisolv PEG E400 (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), cetearyl alcohol—TEGO Alkanol 1618 (Evonik, Essen, Germany). Diclofenac sodium was a gift from Polpharma Pharmaceutical Works (Starogard Gdanski, Poland).
Analysis: QCM-D: branched polyethyleneimine Mw 25,000 (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), formaldehyde 37% (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA), ethanol 95% (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA). Disintegration and dissolution media (0.1 M HCl and phosphate buffer pH 6.8) were prepared according to the European Pharmacopeia 10th edition.