materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy (Spectrum two, PerkinElmer), Raman spectroscopy (Horiba
T6400 spectrometer with 532 nm laser), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Philips
X’Pert Pro PW 3050/60, using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation,
λ = 0.15418 nm), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (PHI
5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC-PHI with Al Kα radiation), X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) (PANalytical, Axios, Almelo, Netherland), FESEM
(Model: Zeiss, Supra 35VP, Oberkochen, Germany), and N2 adsorption–desorption study Quantachrome (ASIQ MP), where
the specific surface area was measured by the BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller)
method, and pore size distributions were calculated using the BJH
(Barrett–Joyner–Halenda) method. The microstructural
analysis of the samples was performed by field emission scanning electron
microscopy (Model: Zeiss, Supra 35VP, Oberkochen, Germany) and transmission
electron microscopy (TEM) (Tecnai G2 30ST (FEI).