Th cre

C57BL/6 male mice were purchased from the Shanghai Laboratory Animal Center, CAS. D1-Cre (#030989-UCD), D2-Cre (#032108-UCD), D2-eGFP (#036931-UCD) transgenic mice were purchased from The Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center. TH-Cre (#008601), Gad-Cre (#010802), vGlut2-Cre mice (#016963), D1-tdTomato (#016204) were purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Mice were group-housed and maintained on a 12 h light-dark cycle (i.e., light cycle; 8 am–8 pm) with food and water available ad libitum. 8–12 weeks old mice (25 ± 2 g) were used for behavioral experiments. All experiments were performed following the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University.

Mice (male and female) 12–16 weeks old were housed at controlled temperature and humidity, under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Food and water were supplied ad libitum, unless mentioned otherwise. The animal experiments were performed in agreement with the International Law on Animal Experimentation and were approved by the IGC ethics committee and by the USC Ethical Committee (Project ID 15010/14/006). All controls were injected with vehicle (PBS 1x). C57BL/6 mice were obtained from the Mice Production Facility at IGC. TH-Cre (#008601), LSL-DTR (#007900), LSL-ChR2-YFP (#012569) and GFPL10 (#024750) mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory.

Mice were housed at controlled temperature and humidity, under a 12 h light/dark cycle. Food and water were supplied ad libitum, unless mentioned otherwise. All animal protocols were approved by the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência ethical committee and the “Órgão Responsável pelo Bem-estar dos Animais” (ORBEA). These were consequently licensed by the Direccão Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária (DGAV - Project ID 15010/14/006). All experimental procedures follow the Portuguese (Portaria n° 1005/92, Decreto-Lei n° 113/2013) and European (Directive 2010/63/EU) legislations, concerning housing, husbandry and animal welfare. C57BL/6J mice were obtained from Charles River and bread in the Mice Production Facility at the IGC. TH-cre (Jax, #008601), CAG-LSL-GCaMP3 (Jax, #014538), LSL-DTR (Jax, #007900), mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory, and bred inhouse to produce homozygous TH-cre; CAG-LSL-GCaMP3 and TH-cre; LSL-DTR mice. LSL-DTR mice were used as controls for the sympathectomization studies.

For all experiments, we used adult (> 8 weeks) male and female tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-Cre (Jackson, Cat# 008601, RRID:ISMR_JAX:008601) and Slc6a3 (dopamine transporter, DAT)-Cre (Jackson, Cat# 006660, RRID:ISMR_JAX:006660) mice. All experimental animals had ad libitum access to standard chow and water and were kept on a 12 h light-dark cycle. All experiments were approved by the Michigan State University Institutional Animal Use and Care (IACUC) committee and adhered to the guidelines set in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. Stereotaxic surgeries were completed following standard protocols [6 (link), 22 (link), 25 (link)]. Briefly, mice (8–9 weeks) were anesthetized using ketamine (100 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and viral vectors were bilaterally infused (0.5 μl over 5 min) into the brain projection region of interest (e.g. NAc or PFC). Specifically, retrograde viruses (AAV5-EF1a-DIO-eYFP-WPRE-hGH and AAV5-EF1a-DIO-mCherry, University of Pennsylvania and University of North Carolina Vector Cores, respectively) were targeted to either the NAc (AP: + 1.6, ML: + 1.5, DV: -4.4) or mPFC (AP: + 1.8, ML: + 0.65, DV: -2.0). Mice were then returned to their home cages (with conspecific littermates) for 6–8 weeks to allow for complete retrograde transport and stable fluorescent protein expression.

The following mouse lines (8–16 weeks old) were used for experiments: C57BL/6 J mice (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 000664), DAT::IRES-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 006660, strain code: B6.SJL-Slc6a3tm1.1(cre)Bkmn/J), VGLUT2::IRES-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 016963, strain code: Slc17a6tm2(cre)Lowl/J), GAD2::IRES-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 010802, strain code: Gad2^tm2(cre)Zjh/J), VGLUT3-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 018147, strain code: Tg(Slc17a8-icre)1Edw/SealJ), TH-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 008601, strain code: B6.Cg-Tg(TH-Cre)1Tmd/J), SERT-Cre (Mouse Mutant Resource and Research Centers, stock number: 017260-UCD, strain code: Tg(Slc6a4-cre)ET33Gsat/Mmucd), ePET-Cre (Jackson Laboratory, stock number: 012712, strain code: B6.Cg-Tg(Fev-cre)1Esd/J) and PITX3-Cre^{43 (link)}. All lines have been crossed onto the C57BL/6 background for at least six generations. Mice were maintained on a 12:12 light cycle (lights on at 07:00). All procedures complied with the animal care standards set forth by the National Institutes of Health and were approved by University of California, Berkeley’s Administrative Panel on Laboratory Animal Care.