Spss v23.0 for windows software

Data were analyzed and plotted using SPSS V23.0 for Windows Software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S test) was used to investigate whether the data were normally distributed. The K-S test showed that the age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), BMD, and FNGPs of the participants showed a normal distribution (all Z = 0.629‒1.276; all p = 0.824‒0.077). Therefore, the mean and standard deviation were used to express these parameters in the case group, control group, and fracture subgroups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences in the mean values among the groups. Chi-square test was used to compare the percentage of osteoporosis, osteopenia, or normal BMD in fracture groups. FNGPs were stratified by tertiles, and the Cox proportional hazards model and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the association of these parameters with the risk of osteoporotic fracture of the femoral neck by evaluating fracture hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Multivariable analysis was performed using two models, one adjusted for age, another adjusted for age and femoral neck BMD. Statistical significance was defined by p < 0.05.