Apoe3

Transgenic mice carrying either human ApoE4 or ApoE3 allele were purchased from Taconic Biosciences (Rensselaer, NY). These transgenic lines have been shown to transcribe and express appropriate human ApoE3 and ApoE4 protein in the brain, the liver, and other tissues without contamination of the endogenous mouse ApoE gene. We used 9-month-old homozygous mice (littermates) for our experiments. ApoE3 mice and ApoE4 (10-11 animals/ group) were treated with ketones or control saline by daily subcutaneous injections from 9 months of age (ketones, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB): 600 mg/kg/day; acetoacetate (ACA): 600 mg/kg/day; ACA: 150 mg/kg/day). All mice were labeled with serial numbers and were blinded to the person who tested their behavior or Western blot etc. After behavioral tests, animals were euthanized. The brain was processed for further analysis.
All mice were housed in a temperature and humidity-controlled vivarium, kept on a 12-hour dark/light cycle, and had free access to food and water. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Barrow Neurological Institute and performed according to the Revised Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

Transgenic mice carrying either human ApoE4 or ApoE3 were purchased from Taconic Biosciences, Inc. (Hudson, NY). They were generated as described previously [35 (link), 36 (link)]. Briefly, mice deficient in ApoE (knockout, KO) were generated and maintained in the C57Bl/6 background. ApoE transgenic mice were generated by using microinjection of allele-specific human ApoE4 or ApoE3 genomic fragments to establish founders. The founders were then bred to ApoE KO mice lacking a functional mouse ApoE protein. These transgenic lines have been shown to transcribe and express appropriate human ApoE3 and ApoE4 protein in brain, liver, and other tissues without contamination of the endogenous mouse ApoE gene. We used 12-month-old homozygous mice for our experiments.
All mice were housed in a temperature and humidity-controlled vivarium, kept on a 12 hour dark/light cycle, and had free access to food and water. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Barrow Neurological Institute and performed according to the Revised Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

All animal experiments were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines. Mice with APOE3^+/+ targeted replacement (referred to as APOE3) were purchased from Taconic on C57BL/6 background and bred in house on the same background. APOE3 mice litters were used at 6 months of age. APP/PS1ΔE9 mice were bred to human APOE3^+/+ targeted replacement mice to generate APP/PS1ΔE9/APOE3^+/+ (referred to as APP/E3) mice expressing only human APOE3. Animals were randomly assigned to either bexarotene (100 mg/kg/day; oral gavage; Targretin, Eisai Inc., WoodCliff Lake, NJ) or vehicle (0.2 mg/kg glycerol) treatment groups.