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5 protocols using mpeg sh

1

Nanoparticle-based Cell Proliferation Assay

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Dopamine hydrochloride (DA), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), Streptavidin (SA), WST-1 Cell Proliferation Reagent, ammonium hydroxide solution (NH4OH, 25 %), gentamicin, Poly-L-lysine solution (0.1 % w/v in H2O) and 2-mercaptoethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. mPEG-SH (2 kDa) and biotin-PEG-SH (2 kDa,) were purchased from NANOCS. RPMI 1640 was purchased from Lonza. L-glutamine was purchased from Gibco. 10 % heat-inactivated fetal calf serum was purchased from BioScience. GM-CSF was purchased from Peprotech. Anti-mouse CD11c-FITC was purchased from eBioscience. Poly-L-lysine was purchased from Invitrogen. Fluorescent nanodiamonds were supplied by Adamas Nanotechnologies and Columbus NanoWorks. Deionized (DI) water with a resistivity of 18.2 MΩ·cm was from Milli-Q Water Purification System.
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2

Characterization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines

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All cell lines (Hep3B, HepG2, SNU182, SNU475, SNU398 and SNU 449) were purchased from the American type culture collection (ATCC) and maintained as per the instructions of the supplier. The short tandem repeat fingerprint was confirmed by the Cell Line Characterization Core Service (M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX) within one year of the experiments. Standard cell culture coated 12- and 24-well plates were used for experiments (Corning Inc., Corning, NY). Cetuximab (C225, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY), a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody against human EGFR-1, gemcitabine (Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN), the heterobifunctional alkane monothiol linker SPT-0012 (Sensopath Technologies, Inc., Bozeman, MT), mPEG-SH (Nanocs, New York, NY), and 10nm spherical AuNPs (Ted Pella, Inc., Redding, CA) were used in synthesizing the gold nanoconjugates. For immunohistochemistry, mouse anti-human Ki67 (M7240, Dako, Carpinteria, CA), rabbit anti-cleaved caspase 3 (Asp175, Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) and rat anti-BrdU (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) were used. Rat and mouse primary antibodies were detected using a HRP/Polymer kit from Biocare, while rabbit antibodies were detected using Envision+/HRP from Dako (Carpinteria, CA)
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3

PEGylation of Citrate-Stabilized AuNPs

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Citrate-stabilized spherical AuNPs (100 nm, Ted Pella) were sonicated to ensure particles were well-separated before functionalization. To functionalize AuNPs with PEG, AuNPs at a concentration of 5.6 × 109 NPs/mL were incubated overnight with 11.6 μM (end concentration) of methoxy-terminated thiolated PEG (mPEG-SH, MW = 5000 Da, NanoCS). To ensure optimal surface coverage of PEG, the solution was progressively raised to 10-mM sodium phosphate, 0.1 % v/v Tween 20, and 0.1 M NaCl and incubated overnight. Excess PEG molecules were then removed by three washing steps of centrifugation at 3000g for 30 min followed by re-suspension in milliQ water. PEGylated AuNPs were stored at 4 °C until use.
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4

Functionalized AuNPs Characterization

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AuNPs, Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS), DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT), Tert-butanol, and 50 kDa microdialysis membranes were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Nap-10 G-25 Sephadex Columns were obtained from GE Lifesciences (Pittsburgh, PA). DSPE-PEG-2000 (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000]), DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), and cholesterol were purchased at Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). DSPE-PEG-Maleimide and mPEG-SH (SH=thiol or sulfhydryl group) were purchased from Nanocs (New York, NY). RVG (YTIWMPENPRPGTPCDIFTNSRGKRASNG) was purchased from Anaspec (Freemont, CA), ApoE (CGRLVQYRG-EVQAMLGQSTEELRVRLASHLRKLRKRLLRD) was purchased from Lifetein (Somerset, NJ). mirVana oligonucleotide miRNA inhibitors (OMIs) were purchased from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, MA) which includes the Negative Control #1, SH-Negative Control #1 (5ʹ-sequence-SH-3ʹ), OMIs-miR-92b, SH-OMIs-miR-92b (MIMAT0003218), Negative Control #1-Alexa-Fluor 647, and SH-Negative Control #1-Alexa-Fluor 647 (5ʹ-Alexa-Fluor 647-sequence-SH-3ʹ). 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) was purchased from Bio-Rad (Berkeley, CA). The “Measure-IT Thiol Assay Kit” was purchased from Thermo Fisher, and the “Maleimide Quantification Assay Kit” was purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, UK).
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5

Synthesis and Characterization of Europium-doped Nanoparticles

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Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, (Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 99%, Alfa Aesar), ammonium molybdate (H8MoN2O4, 99.99%, Alfa Aesar, Ward Hill, MA, USA), europium(III) nitrate hydrate (Eu(NO3)3 .xH2O, 99.99%, Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), oleic acid (Alfa Aesar), 1-octadecene (95%, Alfa Aesar), NaOH pellet (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA), hydrochloric acid (HCl, Sigma-Aldrich), HS-PEG-COOH (MW = 5000, NANOCS, New York, NY, USA), mPEG-SH (MW = 5000, NANOCS), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (C8H17N3HCl, MW = 191.7 g mol–1, Sigma-Aldrich) (EDC), N-hydroxysuccinimide (C4H5NO3, Sigma-Aldrich, MW = 115.09 g mol–1) (NHS), 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) (Sigma-Aldrich), anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), and phosphate buffered saline (1×) (PBS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used for HNP synthesis. Human (Homo sapiens) lung carcinoma (A549 cells) (ATCC, USA), mouse hepatocyte cells (AML12, normal hepatocyte from liver tissue), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) stabilized human whole blood was freshly obtained from Innovative Research (Novi, MI, USA), 0.5% trypsin-EDTA solution (Life Technologies), LIVE/DEAD viability/cytotoxicity assay kit (Life Technologies), Earle’s balanced salt solution (EBSS) (Life Technologies) and PBS were used for cell experiments.
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