SEM images were obtained on a Zeiss Merlin SEM. XPS analysis was carried out on a Kratos Axis Ultra with a Delay Line Detector photoelectron spectrometer using an aluminum monochromatic X‐ray source. UV‐Vis spectra were recorded using a UV‐2600 Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu). Infrared photographs were captured using an IR camera (FLIRE64501). A DataPhysics OCA 20 contact angle system was employed to characterize the hydrophilicity of the samples. Initial concentrations of common cations present in seawater (from Semaphore Beach, Adelaide, Australia) were measured using an Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐OES, Optima 5300 V, Perkin Elmer). Following desalination trace levels of residual ion concentrations in the collected clean water were analyzed using an Inductively Couple Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS) Triple Quad system (ICP‐QQQ, Agilent 8800).
Optima 5300 5
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
The Optima 5300 V is a high-performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) designed for elemental analysis. It provides precise and accurate quantification of a wide range of elements in various sample types.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
Nicolet is50, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Oca 20 contact angle system, by Dataphysics (1 mentions)
Axis ultra, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Merlin sem, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Uv 2600 spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Miniflex 600, by Rigaku (1 mentions)
Clarus 580 arnel, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Vario micro cube, by Elementar (1 mentions)
Dr900, by HACH (1 mentions)
9 protocols using optima 5300 5
1
Comprehensive Characterization of Desalinated Water
2
Extraction and Characterization of Elements
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The element concentrations in the aqueous phase were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 5300 V, PerkinElmer, USA) after dilution to a suitable range. The concentration of Cl− was obtained by titration from standard 0.05 mol L−1 AgNO3. And the concentration of SO42− was obtained by precipitation from a 5% solution of BaCl2. The viscosity was measured using a viscometer (NDJ-8S, Pingxuan, China) at room temperature (293 K). The amount of water entrained in the extracted organic phase was determined by an intelligent automatic water titrator (ZSD-2J, Anting, China). The repeatability of the results was checked by repeating the experiment at least twice to ensure that the standard deviation was within 5%. The FTIR spectra were measured in the 4000–500 cm−1 range using a Fourier infrared spectrometer (Nicolet IS50, Thermo, America).
The extraction efficiency (E), stripping efficiency (S) and distribution ratio (D) are calculated witheqn (1)–(3) , respectively. where CA and CO are the equilibrium concentrations of elements in the aqueous phase and organic phase, respectively; VA and VO are the volumes of the aqueous phase and organic phase, respectively; and CO,S is the equilibrium concentration of elements in the organic phase after stripping.
The extraction efficiency (E), stripping efficiency (S) and distribution ratio (D) are calculated with
3
Quantification of Leaf Ion Levels
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The ion concentrations in the leaf tissues were determined as previously described [49 (link)]. Briefly, a portion (0.5 g) of the leaves of a sorghum plant was placed in a micro-Kjeldahl flask and 5 ml H2SO4 was then added. Filter paper (no.6 or no.7) was used to quantitate the amount of Zn2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, and Cd2+. The concentrations of positive ions, including cadmium, in the leaves and roots of the plants were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Optima 5300 V; Perkin-Elmer, Inc., USA).
4
Quantifying Cadmium in Plant Tissues
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The levels of cadmium in the leaves and root tissues were determined as previously described [48 ]. Briefly, the leaves and root tissues were collected, washed with distilled water, and dried at 105°C for 48 hours. Then, the dried materials were ground into a powder. Approximately 50 mg of this powder was digested in 5 ml of HNO3 (48%, w/v) at 60°C for 48 hours. After diluting the solution with Milli-Q water (1:20), the cadmium in the solution was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES; Optima 5300 V; Perkin-Elmer, Inc., USA). The concentrations of cadmium in the tissues were calculated as mg per kg dry weight.
5
Metal Ion Quantification in Water Samples
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During the loading stage, a series of samples were collected after AC column and each ion exchange columns (K1, K2, and K3). The samples were filtered through a micromembrane filter of 0.45 μm to remove suspended particles. Before storage and transport to the laboratory, the pH of the samples was corrected by adding 0.5 ml of 20% HNO3 aqueous solution. The samples were taken once every 48 hours. Samples were taken both after the specified dosing volumes of HCl and rinsing with demineralized water, and they were taken from the tanks in which the eluate and rinsing water were collected. ICP-OES was used to determine the concentrations of Ni, Hg, Cr, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, and Mn in all the liquid samples. The samples were analyzed using an Optima 5300V PerkinElmer instrument which was calibrated using standards containing the elements to be analyzed.
6
Comprehensive Water Quality Analysis
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Water samples from the acrylic tank were taken after the 40-day testing period. The water samples were purified after centrifuging at 4000 rpm for 20 min, and the supernatant was then filtered through 0.45 μm filters and transferred to a 15-mL polypropylene centrifuge tube for chemical analysis. The bulk chemical parameters, including pH and EC, were analyzed using a benchtop pH and conductivity meter (Orion Star A125, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Major elements, including aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), silicon (Si), and potassium (K), were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 V, Waltham, MA, USA). The major anions, including chloride (Cl−) and sulphate (SO42−), were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC, Metrohm 792 Basic IC, Herisau, Switzerland).
7
Characterization of Metallurgical Dross and Residues
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X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze liquationfeeding furnace dross and leaching residues. XRD patterns were collected using an X-ray diffractometer Rigaku MiniFlex 600 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with a copper tube Cu Kα (λ = 0.15406 nm), a tube voltage of 40 kV, and a current of 15 mA, using a D/teX Ultra silicon strip detector.
The concentration of germanium and zinc in the solutions was analyzed using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry; Optima 5300 V, PerkinElmer). Solid samples were chemically dissolved before analysis.
Semiquantitative (SQX) analysis of the dross was performed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer Rigaku ZSX Primus (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The sample was pressed into a pellet using boric acid as a matrix.
The concentration of germanium and zinc in the solutions was analyzed using ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry; Optima 5300 V, PerkinElmer). Solid samples were chemically dissolved before analysis.
Semiquantitative (SQX) analysis of the dross was performed using wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer Rigaku ZSX Primus (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan). The sample was pressed into a pellet using boric acid as a matrix.
8
Analytical Methods for Bioreactor Characterization
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COD were determined using HACH color meter (DR900, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The pH was recorded using a pH analyzer (Agilent 3200 M, USA). TS and VS were determined based on the weighing method after being dried at 103–105 °C and burnt to ash at 550 °C. The CH4 production was determined using a gas chromatograph (Clarus 580 Arnel, PerkinElmer, USA) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. C, N, S and H elemental analyses in FW were determined using the vario MICRO cube (Elementar, HANAU, Germany). Metals elemental analyses were conducted using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) – optical emission spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 V, USA). BET surface area and pore volume of activated carbons were measured by N2 adsorption measurement using a Quantachrome Autosorb-6B. Real-time PCR was used to quantify total archaea according to the methods described by Zhang et al.24 (link).
9
Metal Analysis Using Microwave Digestion
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For metal analysis, after overnight pre-digestion, acidified samples were digested in a microwave digester (Anton Paar Multiwave Pro oven) at 120 °C for 41 min. The samples were filtered. The metal in digested samples was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 V).
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