Dehydrocostus lactone

Guanosine, atractylenolide III, glycyrrhizic acid, dehydrocostus lactone, hesperidin, oleanolic acid, and carvedilol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC/MS-grade methanol, formic acid, and ammonium acetate were obtained from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used throughout the entire experiment. Crushed XSLJZT herbs were purchased from a Chinese traditional herbal medicine store in Taipei, and prepared at the National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. The herbal pharmaceutical products of XSLJZT were purchased from six different pharmaceutical manufacturers in Taiwan, which included Sun Ten Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan), Kaiser Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Tainan, Taiwan), Chuang Song-Zong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Kaohsiung, Taiwan), Koda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Taoyung, Taiwan), Sheng Chang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Taipei, Taiwan), and Jin-An Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Chiayi, Taiwan). For the results of the analysis, coding was applied for the six manufacturers to preserve commercial confidentiality.

Seeds of O. cumana were collected in 2017 from main confectionery planting area in Xinjiang (44°30ʹ58” N, 86°24ʹ17” E) and stored (specimen code: WR0001572) in darkness at 4°C until used. Confectionery sunflower seeds of susceptible (cultivar SH363) and resistant (cultivar TH33) hybrids to O. cumana were used in the experiment. All the sunflower seeds were obtained from Inner Mongolia Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences. Dehydrocostus lactone (DCL, purity ≧ 98%, product of Switzerland) and costunolide (CL, purity ≧ 97%, product of China) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). Acetonitrile and water used for UPLC-MS and extraction were HPLC-grade.