Rodent diet 5053

The protocols in this study were approved by the Harvard Medical Area Animal Care and Use Committee (Boston, MA). Fifty two male Wistar Han rats (8 weeks old) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, MA) and were housed in standard microisolator cages under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and light at the Harvard Center for Comparative Medicine. The rats were fed commercial chow (PicoLab Rodent Diet 5053, Framingham, MA) and provided with reverse-osmosis purified water ad libitum. The animals were acclimatized in the facility for 7 days before the start of each experiment. These animals were used for the experiments described below.

Care of animals was in strict accordance with guidelines from the McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Mice were group housed in standard pathogen-free conditions and fed ad libitum with a standard mouse chow (PicoLab Rodent Diet 5053) and water. Animals were maintained in steady 12-h light/12-h dark cycles (24-h LD cycles). For experiments using livers from diet-induced obese mice, animals were fed with a diet containing 60% kcal from fat, Research Diets D12492, for 30 weeks starting at 8 weeks of age.
Hnf4a^F/F and SA^+/Cre-ERT2 mouse lines were originally provided by Gonzalez^{25 (link)}. To generate the conditional Hnf4a^{F/F;AlbERT2cre} mice, Hnf4a^F/F mice were crossed with the tamoxifen-inducible hepatocyte-specific Cre recombinase expressing mouse SA^+/Cre-ERT2. Livers from 10-week-old male and female mice of each genotype were used for chromatin immunprecipitation.
Eight-week-old male NSG mice, NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ were used for subcutaneous injections of HepG2 and SNU449 cells.

Female MRL/MpJ-Fas lpr/J mice (20 ± 5 g, 8 weeks old) and female NZB/W F1 mice (30 ± 5 g, 18 weeks old) were obtained from SLC Inc. (Japan). Animals were housed and handled in a temperature-controlled environment with a 12-h light/12-h dark cycle. They had free access to standard pelleted food (Picolab Rodent diet 5053, St. Louis, MO, USA) and water ad libitum. In MRL/lpr mice, 12 animals per group identified by their urine protein score [31 (link)] were treated with HM71224 orally once per day from 8 weeks through 28 weeks of age, and in NZB/W F1 mice, 12 animals per group were administered HM71224 orally once daily from 18 weeks through 40 weeks of age. All animal experimental protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Hanmi Research Center and performed according to the approved guideline.

Eight-week-old VIPKO mice (C57BL/6 background) [16 (link)] were bred at the Child and Family Research Institute animal facility. Male mice were used in all experiments due to the consistency seen in their DSS and DNBS-induced colitis. As no significant differences were found between littermates (Vip^+/+) and C57BL/6 mice from Charles River under physiological and pathological conditions, age matched male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Laboratories (St. Constant, QC, Canada) and housed as previously described [17 (link)]. All mice were fed a standard chow diet (LabDiets, Picolab rodent diet 5053) with an n-6: n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio of 8:1. The protocols were approved by the University of British Columbia’s Animal Care Committee and in direct accordance with guidelines of the Canadian Council on the Use of Laboratory Animals. Human Caco2 (ATCC HTB-37) and HT29 (ATCC HTB-38) IEC lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 20mM HEPES, 1% glutamine, antibiotics penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100μg/ml) (Sigma Chemicals Co., St. Louis, MD). Cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified incubator of 5% CO₂.

APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic (APP/PS1) or age- and sex-matched C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) littermates were bred and aged at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (BWH) (Boston, MA, USA). APPswe/PS1dE9 mice have the Swedish APP^K594N/M595L human transgene as well as the PS1dE9 human transgene, both of which are under a mouse prion promotor [59 (link)]. APPswe/PS1dE9 mice exhibit AD pathology including extracellular amyloid deposits in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus by 5–6 months of age, Aβ plaque deposition, microhemorrhages, gliosis, and cognitive deficits by 7–8 months of age [60 (link),61 (link),62 (link)]. Mice were transferred to Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in Upton, NY, USA irradiated at 4 months of age, and returned to BWH where they underwent quarantine before being moved back into the mouse colony. Mice underwent behavioral testing at 11 months of age and were euthanized by CO₂ exposure at 12 months of age. At both BWH and BNL, mice were housed at a constant temperature on a 12 h light/dark cycle and had ad libitum access to food (PicoLab Rodent Diet #5053) and water. All animal use was approved by the Harvard Medical School Office for Research Subject Protection—Harvard Medical Area Standing Committee on Animals and the Brookhaven National Laboratory Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.