Na2so4

All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical reagent grade. H₂SO₄ and Na₂SO₄ were obtained from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) was provided by the Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). Cellulose acetate membrane was provided by Tianjin Jinteng Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China) CNT was purchased from Korea Kumho Corporation (Seoul, Korea). Ag nanoparticles (Ag) were obtained from the Shanghai Chaowei Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

PVA (PVA-1799), acrylic acid (AA), 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone (I1173), ZrOCl₂·8H₂O, chitosan (deacetylation degree ≥ 95%, viscosity is 100–200 mPa·s), and ZnCl₂ were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Co., Ltd. Agarose (high gel strength) and gelatin (gel strength ~250 g Bloom) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., Ltd. AlCl₃ was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Gly, K₂CO₃, NaBr, KCl, CaCl₂, BaCl₂, MgCl₂, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, Na₃Cit, NaAc, Na₂HPO₄, and Na₂CO₃ were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory. The deionized water was obtained using a water purification system.