N butanol

Petroleum ether, n-butanol, and glucose were purchased from the Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing, China). Anhydrous ethanol and anhydrous methanol were purchased from Modern Oriental Science and Technology Development Company (Beijing, China). Sodium hydroxide, ferric trichloride, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and potassium chloride were purchased from Xilong Chemical Company (Shanghai, China). Sulfuric acid and trichloromethane were purchased from Kunshan Jincheng Reagent Company (Suzhou, China). Agar, yeast dipping powder, and tryptone (bio grade) were purchased from Lablead Reagent Company (Beijing, China). The CAT assay kit, SOD assay kit, and ROS assay kit were purchased from Biomed Reagent Company (Beijing, China). The RNA extraction kit, reverse transcription kit, and fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit were purchased from Novozymes Reagent Company (Beijing, China). Monosaccharide standards mannose, ribose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, N-acetyl-glucosamine, glucose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, galactose, xylose, arabinose, and fucose were purchased from Macklin (Shanghai, China).

Authentic standards of catechin, epicatechin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin and astragalin with purities above 95% as determined by LC analysis were purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China). Acetonitrile (HPLC grade) and chromatographic grade methanol (MeOH) was obtained from Honeywell Burdick & Jackson (Muskegon, MI, USA). Chromatographic grade formic acid was purchased from CNW Technologies GmbH (Dusseldorf, Germany). Soluble corn starch, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanol were obtained from Beijing Chemical Works (Beijing, China). The chemicals used in this study were of analytical or chromatographic grade. Baker’s yeast α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20), p-nitrophenyl-α-d-gluco-pyranoside (pNPG), acarbose and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ultra-pure water (R = 18 M Ω cm) used throughout the study was produced by a Milli-Q system (Millipore Corp, Billerica, MA, USA).

Fresh roots of 5-year-old ginseng were collected from Fusong county, Jilin province, China. The samples were taxonomically identified by Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, and a voucher specimen (No. 202105) was deposited at the laboratory of Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China.
UPLC grade acetonitrile was obtained from Tedia Company Inc., (Fairfield, OH, USA). Purified water was made by a water purifier (Global Water Solution Ltd., Randolph, MA, USA). Other reagents and chemicals of analytical grade, including methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, trichloromethane, DMSO, Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O and NaH₂PO₄·2H₂O, were purchased from Beijing Chemical Works, (Beijing, China). Phosphate buffer (PBS, 0.1M, pH 7.6), containing 0.05% 3-(trimethylsilyl)-propionic-2,2,3,3-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP) as an internal standard, was acquired from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories Inc. (Andover, MA, USA). Deuterium Oxide (D₂O 99.9% atom% D) was purchased from Tenglong Weibo Technology Co., Ltd. (Qingdao, China). The standards Ginsenoside Rg₁, Ginsenoside Rf, Ginsenoside F1, Ginsenoside RK₁, Ginsenoside Rd were all obtained from Beijing Science and Technology (Beijing, China), the purity of all standards was greater than 98%.

Phenolic acid reference standards of ≥98% purity (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid, salicylic acid, and vanillic acid) were used in this study (Internet Aladdin Reagent Database Inc., Shanghai, China). Chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol (analytical grade) were obtained commercially (Beijing Chemical Works, Beijing, China). Acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid (HPLC grade) were purchased commercially (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The Magnetic Tissue/Cell/Blood Total RNA kit and FastKing cDNA Dispelling RT SuperMix kit used in this study were obtained commercially (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). The iTaq™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix reagent was obtained commercially (Bio-Rad, CA, USA).