The right tibial diaphysis from a subset of mice from the chronic exercise group (n=5 mice per group) was embedded in methyl methacrylate for dynamic histomorphometry as previously described [22 (link),23 (link)]. Cross-sections were cut from the diaphysis with a low speed diamond saw (Buehler Isomet) and hand polished on a grinding wheel (Buehler Ecomet) to <100 micron thickness. Sections were mounted on glass slides (Permount) and imaged with a fluorescent microscope (Olympus IX-70) and digital camera (Qlcam). Calcein labels were imaged with a FITC cube, and periosteal and endocortical mineral apposition rates (MAR, μm/day), mineralizing surfaces (MS/BS, %), and bone formation rates (BFR/BS, μm3/μm2/day) were quantified with image analysis software (Bioquant OSTEO, Nashville TN) as previously described [22 (link)] For each envelope (periosteal or endocortical), mineralizing surface was defined as double labelled surface + ½ single labelled surface.
Ecomet
Manufactured by Buehler
Sourced in Japan, United States
The Ecomet is a low-speed, variable-speed grinder/polisher designed for sample preparation. It features a continuous variable speed control and accommodates samples up to 8 inches in diameter. The Ecomet provides consistent and reproducible results for a variety of materials.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
Lab products found in correlation
7 protocols using ecomet
1
Dynamic Histomorphometry of Tibial Diaphysis
2
3D Printed Dental Material Characterization
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Specimens of different shapes were designed for each experiment prior to the 3D printing process. Disk-shaped specimens of thickness 1.0 mm and diameter 10.0 mm were prepared for the color-stability measurement. The specimen for the dimensional accuracy measurement was a rod of dimensions 2.0 mm (height) × 2.0 mm (width) × 25.0 mm (length). The specimens for the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), surface gloss, DC, water sorption, and solubility measurements were disks of diameter 15.0 mm and thickness 1.0 mm. The specimens used for the contact angle and Vickers hardness measurements had dimensions of 64.0 mm × 10.0 mm × 3.3 mm. Each designed specimens were 3D printed using a DLP type 3D printer unit (NextDent 5100, 3D systems, Vertex Dental BV, Soesterberg, Netherland) with a layer thickness of 50 µm and orientation of 0°. The 3D printed specimens were removed from the platform and cleaned with isopropyl alcohol. The cleaned specimens were post-cured for 30 min using a 3D print box (NextDent LC-3D print box, 3D systems, Vertex Dental BV, Soesterberg, Netherlands) and polished with a water-cooled rotating polishing machine (Ecomet, Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL, USA) using 1,500-and 2,000-grit silicon carbide papers (Deerfos, Incheon, Korea).
3
Enamel Preparation for Experiments
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One hundred extracted human bicuspids free from carious lesions, white spots, craze lines, or abnormal developments were included in this experiment. The sample size was computed based on the previous study [33 ] using the Piface program version 1.76 [34 ] with a power of test 90%, a significance level of 0.05, and a two-tailed analysis. Before any extraction, informed consent was written by the patients and their parents. They were kept in 0.1% thymol solution and washed out with deionized water before being used in the experiment. The roots were isolated from the crowns (Figure 1(a) ) and sectioned into two halves by a diamond cutting blade under continuous water cooling in a precise sectioning apparatus (Mecatome-T180, Presi, Eybens, France; Figure 1(a) ). The specimens were invested in the epoxy resin blank exposing enamel above the epoxy resin materials. The enamel surfaces of the specimens were coated with the acidic resistance varnish (Revlon®, New York, NY, USA), leaving the opening window of 4 × 4 mm (Figure 1(a) ). The uncoated enamel surface was flattened using a silicon carbide abrasive paper (Buehler, Tokyo, Japan) with grit #1000 ⟶ #2000 ⟶ #4000 sequentially, in a finishing apparatus (Ecomet, Buehler, Tokyo, Japan; Figure 1(a) ). The specimens were washed and immersed in 37°C deionized water for 1 day [35 (link)].
4
Bovine Enamel Microhardness under Beverages
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Bovine incisors were purchased from Shenzhen Baisheng Technology. Fifty enamel specimens (5×4×3 mm) were obtained from bovine incisors using a precision saw (Isomet 1000 Precision Saw, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). All specimens were embedded in epoxy resin blocks (EpoxiCure, Buehler). The enamel surfaces were serially polished by a polishing machine (Ecomet, Buehler) with water-cooled silicon carbide paper discs from 500 to 4000 grit. The specimens were randomly allocated to five groups. Group 1, deionized water as a negative 1. The pH values of the four beverages were tested using a digital pH meter electrode (PH-220, Qiwei, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China) and the average pH value of each beverage was calculated. The titratable acidity of the beverages was expressed as the volume of 0.5 M NaOH consumed to raise the initial pH to 5.5 12) , which reflects the buffering capacity of each beverage. Based on our pilot study, to detect at least 60 in unit of mean difference of micro-hardness values with the anticipated standard deviation of 30, each group needs at least 8 samples to have 80% power at the 0.05 significance level with the use of G*Power version 3.1.9.7 (Franz Faul, Kiel University, Germany). The flowchart of the experiment is shown in Fig. 1.
5
Enamel Surface Preparation for In Vitro Studies
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Sixty extracted human premolars with orthodontic treatment indication, without dental caries, white spot lesions, fluorosis, cracks, abrasions, fractures, or any developmental anomalies, were selected for the study. Informed consent was obtained from patients and guardians prior to any extraction. The specimens were kept in a 0.1% thymol solution (Chem-supply, Gillman, Australia) until they needed to be used. To separate the crowns from the roots [Figure 1(a) -(1)], the teeth were cut with the precision cutting machine (Mecatome T180, Presi, Eybens, France). The crowns [Figure 1(a) -(2)] were embedded in an epoxy resin block with the enamel above being exposed to the epoxy resin. The surface of the enamel was covered with an acid-resistant varnish (Revlon, New York, NY, USA) except for a surface area of 4 × 4 mm [Figure 1(a) -(3)]. The unpainted area of enamel was ground flat with a silicon carbide abrasive (Buehler, Tokyo, Japan) # 1,000, 2000, and 4000 grit, respectively, in a polishing machine (Ecomet, Buehler, Tokyo, Japan) [Figure 1(b) -(4)]. The specimens were then cleaned and kept in 37°C deionized water for 24 hours.
6
Titanium Coatings for Bone Cell Culture
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Sigma-Aldrich reagents (St. Louis, MO, USA) were used: titanium (IV) isopropoxide (Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4, TTIP, 98%+), diethanolamine (HN(CH2CH2OH)2, DEA, 99%+), isopropanol ((CH3)2CHOH, 99.9%+).
As the substrate for coatings, ultrafine grained (UFG) titanium plates were used. These plates were obtained by means of severe plastic deformation at 400 °C in ECAP-Conform (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) mode with multistage surface polishing to a roughness less than Rz = 0.01 μm: this was performed mechanically on a Ecomet (Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) using various abrasives: P 320, P 600, P 1200. Subsequently, polishing was done using colloidal silica Mastermet. The samples were 5 mm × 25 mm in size.
Materials for the cytological studies: nutrient medium DMEM (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), mixture of antibiotics penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell culture.
Cytological testing kits: Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Kit (Colorimetric) (Abcam, San-Francisco, CA, USA) for analysis of the alkaline phosphatase activity, Osteopontin N-Half ELISA Kit (Clon tech, Hamburg, Germany) for analysis of the osteopontin expression.
As the substrate for coatings, ultrafine grained (UFG) titanium plates were used. These plates were obtained by means of severe plastic deformation at 400 °C in ECAP-Conform (Equal Channel Angular Pressing) mode with multistage surface polishing to a roughness less than Rz = 0.01 μm: this was performed mechanically on a Ecomet (Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) using various abrasives: P 320, P 600, P 1200. Subsequently, polishing was done using colloidal silica Mastermet. The samples were 5 mm × 25 mm in size.
Materials for the cytological studies: nutrient medium DMEM (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA), fetal bovine serum (FBS, HyClone, Logan, UT, USA), mixture of antibiotics penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cell culture.
Cytological testing kits: Alkaline Phosphatase Assay Kit (Colorimetric) (Abcam, San-Francisco, CA, USA) for analysis of the alkaline phosphatase activity, Osteopontin N-Half ELISA Kit (Clon tech, Hamburg, Germany) for analysis of the osteopontin expression.
7
Experimental PEEK Preparation and Characterization
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In the present study, three types of experimental PEEK with different SiO 2 contents (Hybrid PEEK 20 (HP20), Hybrid PEEK 40 (HP40), Hybrid PEEK 50 (HP50), Tokuyama Dental, Ibaraki, Japan) were supplied from Tokuyama Dental, and PEEK containing 20 wt% of TiO 2 (Dentokeep PEEK Disc (DK), nt-trading, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as the control. Each PEEK block was cut into rectangular plates (n=128) measuring 14.0×12.0×3.0 mm under running water using a lowspeed diamond cutting machine (Isomet, Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL, USA). The specimens were polished, again under running water, using #1500 SiC waterproof abrasive paper (Fuji Star, SANKYO RIKAGAKU, Saitama, Japan) with a polishing machine (Ecomet, Buehler). Subsequently, the specimens were sandblasted with 70-μm alumina powder (HI ALUMINAS, SHOFU, Kyoto, Japan) at 0.2 MPa for 10 s from a distance of 10 mm. Finally, the specimens were ultrasonically cleaned twice in distilled water for 5 min each, and then allowed to dry in air.
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