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4 protocols using apo tirf 100 1.49 oil objective

1

Confocal Microscopy of Fixed Cells

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The cells not analyzed by flow cytometry were used to prepare slides for confocal microscopy. Briefly, the cells were fixed with 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences) in PBS for 10 min at room temperature and washed 3 times with PBS followed by centrifugation at 500 × g for 5 min at 4 °C and resuspension in 100 μL of PBS. The cells were spun onto Superfrost Plus Microscope slides (Fisher Scientific) using a Statspin Cytofuge Cytocentrifuge (BECKMAN COULTER) at 27 × g for 4 min. Cell membranes were first stained using Alexa Fluor 555-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA555, ThermoFisher Scientific) (1 : 1000 dilution with 5% (v/v) goat serum albumin (GSA) in PBS) for 45 min at room temperature and washed 3 times using PBS. The cell nucleus was then stained with DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific) (1 : 7500 dilution in PBS) for 5 min at room temperature and washed 3 times using PBS. After the cells were air dried, 4 μL of Fluoroshield (Millipore Sigma) was applied to a circular cover glass with a diameter of 12 mm (Fisherbrand), which was then mounted onto each slide. Fluorescence images were obtained using a Nikon A1R Confocal microscope with an Apo TIRF 100×/1.49 oil objective (Nikon). Collected images were analyzed using NIS-Elements AR Analysis 5.30 software (Nikon).
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2

Larval Neuromuscular Junction Immunostaining

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Third-instar larval preparations (muscles 6/7) were filleted and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed, and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies were applied at room temperature for 2 hr. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Myc (9E10 Santa Cruz), anti-GFP 3E6 (1:500; mouse; Life Technologies), anti-NC82 (1:100; mouse; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), anti-HA antibody (1:1000; Rabbit; cell signaling technology) and anti-DLG (1:10,000; rabbit). Alexa-conjugated secondary (488, 555) antibodies and Cy5-conjugated goat ant-HRP were used at 1:500 (Life Technologies; Molecular Probes). Larval preparations were mounted in Vectashield (Vector) and imaged with an Axiovert 200 (Zeiss) inverted microscope, a 100X Plan Apochromat objective (1.4 NA) and a cooled charge-coupled device camera (Coolsnap HQ, Roper). Slidebook 5.0 Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3I) software was used to capture, process and analyze images. Structured illumination microscopy imaging was performed using the N-SIM Nikon system, consisting of a Nikon Ti-E Microscope equipped with a Apo TIRF 100×/1.49 Oil objective and an Andor DU897 Camera.
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3

Larval Neuromuscular Junction Immunostaining

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Third-instar larval preparations (muscles 6/7) were filleted and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, washed, and incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies were applied at room temperature for 2 hr. The following primary antibodies were used: anti-Myc (9E10 Santa Cruz), anti-GFP 3E6 (1:500; mouse; Life Technologies), anti-NC82 (1:100; mouse; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), anti-HA antibody (1:1000; Rabbit; cell signaling technology) and anti-DLG (1:10,000; rabbit). Alexa-conjugated secondary (488, 555) antibodies and Cy5-conjugated goat ant-HRP were used at 1:500 (Life Technologies; Molecular Probes). Larval preparations were mounted in Vectashield (Vector) and imaged with an Axiovert 200 (Zeiss) inverted microscope, a 100X Plan Apochromat objective (1.4 NA) and a cooled charge-coupled device camera (Coolsnap HQ, Roper). Slidebook 5.0 Intelligent Imaging Innovations (3I) software was used to capture, process and analyze images. Structured illumination microscopy imaging was performed using the N-SIM Nikon system, consisting of a Nikon Ti-E Microscope equipped with a Apo TIRF 100×/1.49 Oil objective and an Andor DU897 Camera.
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4

TIRF Microscopy Imaging of Cellular Signaling

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The TIRF microscope live-cell imaging chamber was warmed to 37°C prior to imaging. Cells were imaged with a Nikon Apo TIRF 100×/1.49 Oil objective (W.D. 0.12, coverglass thickness 0.13–0.2). TdTomato-PFOD4H fluorescence was excited with a 561 nm laser and GFP-GRAM1b fluorescence was excited with a 491 nm laser. All imaging was carried out using MicroManager software (https://micro-manager.org/). First, oil was added to the objective (Nikon Immersion Oil, Type NF 50 cc, nd = 1.515 (23°C); Cat# MXA22024) and then cells were located. An optimum TIRF angle was established. Multidimensional acquisition parameters were set such that an image was collected every 2 s, for 150 frames (300 s total). Once a movie was initiated, SHH was added at 1 μM at 20 s (frame 10) when indicated, and MβCD was added at 316 μM (unless otherwise stated) at 100 s (frame 50).
Steady-state measurements of TdTomato-PFOD4H and GFP-GRAM1b were captured by first locating cells and identifying an optimum TIRF angle. Fields of cells were selected if they had at least five cells. Fluorescence was captured using the MicroManager software ‘Snap Shot’ function, and then each image was saved for downstream analysis (see next section).
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