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6 protocols using ab11304

1

Western Blot Analysis of ATG8 and DHAR1

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Soluble protein was extracted according to Kuo et al. (2020a) (link). For each sample, 30 μg of protein was loaded into each lane, resolved on a 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gel, and transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for antibody binding with rabbit polyclonal anti-ATG8 antibody (ab77003; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom), anti-DHAR (LKT BioLaboratories Ltd., Taoyuan, Taiwan), or a mouse monoclonal antibody against α-tubulin (ab11304; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom). Following the incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (MD20878; KPL, Gaithersburg, MD, United States), the immunoblots were visualized and the relative abundance of ATG8, ATG8-PE, or DHAR1 protein was estimated based on α-tubulin intensity.
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2

Quantifying Protein Expression in Cell Lines

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Cell lysate of HepG2 (60 µg) and HEK293 (120 µg) cells was separated by SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred onto Hybond ECL nitrocellulose membranes (GE Healthcare). The membranes were incubated overnight at room temperature with 2 µg/mL of antiRPS4Y1 monoclonal antibodies. The anti-S6 ribosomal protein monoclonal antibody (MA5-15123; Invitrogen, Waltham, MA, USA) (1:1000) and the anti-alpha tubulin monoclonal antibody (ab11304; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) (1:6000) were used as positive controls. After washing, the membranes were incubated with anti-mouse secondary antibody from sheep conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) (1:2000), and visualized by using the Opti-4CN substrate kit (Bio-Rad).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Protein Targets

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The Western blot procedure was consistent with our previous work and detailed elsewhere (Hüttemann et al., 2012 (link), 2013 (link); Lee et al., 2012 (link); Malek et al., 2013 (link)). Samples were loaded onto 7.5% (TSP-1, PGC-1α, PGC-1β, and ADAMTS-1) or 12% TGX pre-cast gels (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
The mouse monoclonal primary antibodies used were TSP-1 (1:500, sc-59886, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), CD47 (1:500; 3847-1, Epitomics), PGC-1β (1:100; sc-373771, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), α-tubulin (1:2,000, ab11304, Abcam), ADAMTS1 (1:500; sc-47726, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), and GAPDH (1:2,000, ab9484, Abcam). The polyclonal primary antibodies used were VEGF (1:500, sc-507, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), VEGFR2 (1:500; 2479, Cell Signaling), FoxO1 (1:200; 2880, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc), Anti-TFAM (1:1,000; ab131607, Abcam), and PGC-1α (1:1,000; AB3242, Millipore). The secondary antibodies used were goat anti-mouse IRDye (1:30,000) and goat anti-rabbit IRDye (1:30,000) purchased from Li-Cor Biosciences. Loading control for target proteins were normalized to α-tubulin or GAPDH. Quantification of bands were analyzed with the Odyssey software program (Li-Cor Biosciences).
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4

Quantitative Protein Expression Analysis

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At 24 h post transfection, the cells were collected and seeded onto a six-well plate. After 48 h, the cells were lysed and sonicated. Then, protein concentrations of lysates were measured using a Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The lysates were re-suspended in Laemmli buffer, denatured for 5 min at 98°C, and separated by Tris-glycine denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteins were blotted onto polyvinylidene fluoride membranes, blocked in 5% milk, and incubated overnight with the following primary antibodies: for endogenous protein detection, anti-E-cadherin (ab40772; Abcam, Cambridge, United Kingdom) or anti-α-tubulin (ab11304; Abcam); for MS2-22sTag protein detection, anti-HA (ab49969; Abcam) at a 1:1,000 (ab40772 and ab11304) or 1:2,000 (ab49969) dilution ratio in Can Get Signal Solution 1 (Toyobo) at 4°C. Subsequently, the proteins were incubated with the corresponding horseradish peroxidase–conjugated secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at a 1:250 dilution ratio in Can Get Signal Solution 2 (Toyobo) for 1 h at room temperature. Chemiluminescent signals were generated using a SuperSignal West Pico Plus Chemiluminescent Substrate (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and captured on X-ray films (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). The films were scanned, and signal intensities were quantified using ImageJ software.*
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5

Mitochondrial Protein Expression Analysis

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Tissues homogenates were prepared as previously described [30 (link)]. Thirty μg of total protein was subject to SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. Membranes were probed with the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-CypD (AbCam, ab110324), rabbit anti-ANT (AbCam, ab180715), rabbit anti-VDAC (CST, #4866), mouse anti-ATP Synthase (Abcam, ab5432), mouse anti-phospho-Akt S473 (CST, #4051), rabbit anti-Akt (CST, #4691), mouse α-Tubulin (Abcam, ab11304). Secondary antibodies were goat anti-mouse IR680 (LICOR) and goat anti-rabbit IR800 (LICOR). Membranes were scanned using the Odyssey infrared imaging system (LICOR).
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6

Protein Expression Analysis by Western Blot

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Harvested cells (2×106) were placed into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and mixed with cell lysate [99 µL cell lysate + 1 µL phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF)] and incubated on ice for 30 min. They were then centrifuged at 3,500 rpm for 30 min at 4 °C, the liquid (total protein) was carefully removed into another EP tube. Western blot was performed using a 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After separations, the proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. Membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk at 37 °C for 1 h. Membranes were incubated 1:1,000 dilutions of the following primary antibodies: anti-ERK (ab32537), anti-p-ERK (ab176660), anti-p38 MAPK (ab197348), anti-p-p38 MAPK (ab176664), and anti-microtubule protein (ab11304) (Abcam, USA). Then, the membranes were incubated with a 1:2,000 dilution of anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) was used to detect the protein expression.
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